Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Articles in this Issue
Long-term cultural continuity across the Neanderthal–modern human sequence at Üçağızlı II Cave, northern Levant
We present evidence from Üçağızlı II Cave in the northern Levant, Türkiye, documenting the sequential occupation by Neanderthals ( Homo neanderthalensis ; 77–59...
Correction for Stöhr et al., Distinct synthetic Aβ prion strains producing different amyloid deposits in bigenic mice
Response duration tracks confidence
The timing of behavioral responses is among the most robust signatures of cognitive processing—with easier, more accurate, and more confident judgments typically made more quickly. But which aspects o...
Polarons are probes of the dynamic nanoscale environments found in electrochemically doped π-conjugated polymers
Charge carriers (i.e., polarons) in electrochemically doped organic (semi)conductors are proposed to be regulated by several physicochemical features, including the chemical compositions and structure...
Correction for Sudhakar et al., Human tumstatin and human endostatin exhibit distinct antiangiogenic activities mediated by αvβ3 and α5β1 integrins
Active thermodynamics of inertial chiral active gases: Equation of state and edge currents
One of the most fundamental quests in the physics of active matter concerns the existence of a comprehensive theory for its macroscopic properties, i.e. an “active thermodynamics.” Recently, despite p...
The accuracy of electrostatic interactions captured by AI protein structure prediction models
A variant of the U1A protein containing four substitutions to ionizable residues was generated serendipitously due to a miscommunication. Biophysical measurements reveal this variant has twice the hel...
Relative Thom conjectures, symplectic and beyond
We establish a criterion that ensures a bounded almost complex curve in a bounded almost complex 4-manifold minimizes genus among all smooth surfaces that share its homology class and the transverse l...
A human-specific long noncoding RNA regulator of antigen-presenting cell viability and antimicrobial defense
Macrophages are essential for both, to clear pathogens and preserve tissue homeostasis, yet the molecular regulators of this equilibrium remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify SAILR (survival...
IL-7–glucose–Aiolos axis orchestrates pathogenic CD8 <sup>+</sup> T cell function in spondyloarthritis
CD8 + T cells are essential mediators of host defense, whereas their aberrant activation contributes to inflammatory diseases such as spondyloarthritis. The mol...
Neural circuits for stress-induced water drinking in relief of anxiety
Drinking water is a rapid, instinctive behavior of mammals following stress. The role of such stress-induced water drinking behavior and its neural mechanisms remain poorly known. Here, we identify tw...
Expression of Concern for Raghuvanshi et al., <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> evades host immunity by recruiting mesenchymal stem cells
Environmental phylogenetics supports a steady diversification of crown eukaryotes starting from the mid-Proterozoic
Molecular clock and preservation of early microfossil assemblages suggest that eukaryotes were present and already diverse more than ~1600 million years ago (Ma). Yet, the earliest identifiable eukary...
Whistleblowers can contain the unethical externalities of human–AI delegation
Prior work using controlled principal-agent experiments suggests two risks from delegating tasks to AI systems: Human principals are more likely to request profit-maximizing misconduct from AI agents...
Productivity gains and work conditions in coercive labor markets: Experimental evidence from the Bangladesh brick sector
Productivity growth in competitive labor markets can improve worker welfare over time through higher wages or better conditions, but it is unclear if productivity gains benefit workers in coercive lab...
Chromatin end–anchored chromosome-sized domains and promoter loops organize a transcriptionally active genome in <i>Tetrahymena</i>
Three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture shapes gene regulation, yet the folding principles of compact unicellular genomes remain unclear. Among unicellular eukaryotes, the ciliate...
Virtual ultrasound machine operating in a GHz to MHz frequency range for particle-based biomedical simulations
Ultrasound–matter interactions underpin numerous biomedical and soft-matter applications, yet simulating these phenomena is challenging due to the large separation of viscous and sonic time scales. Co...
Rapidly evolving composition of nebular infall recorded by magnesium isotopes in refractory inclusions
The 26 Al- 26 Mg systematics in calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs)—the oldest known Solar System solids—has traditi...
<i>N</i> -(3-methylbutyl)acetamide mediates male–male courtship in <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> through behavioral threshold modulation
Male–male courtship, observed across diverse taxa, is often regarded as an evolutionary paradox. Here, we address this paradox by demonstrating that such behavior in the globally invasive pest...
IVT-free, chemically synthesized protein-encoding RNA oligonucleotides for rapid production of personalized cancer vaccines
Personalized mRNA neoantigen vaccines demonstrate great potential in cancer therapy, but their customization typically requires more than three months, risking the loss of the optimal therapeutic wind...
Parametrically amplified Josephson plasma waves in YBa <sub>2</sub> Cu <sub>3</sub> O <sub> 6+ <i>x</i> </sub> : Evidence for local superconducting fluctuations up to the pseudogap temperature <i>T</i> <sup>∗</sup>
Experiments that subject underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x...
Alpha rhythms in the left auditory cortex set the speed limit for speech comprehension
Human cognition operates within distinct temporal windows spanning from very short to extremely long. Each cognitive function has its own processing speed range, beyond which performance deteriorates...
Evidence of intertwined pair density and charge density wave orders in UTe <sub>2</sub>
The strongly correlated spin-triplet superconductor UTe 2 hosts an unusual magnetic-field-sensitive charge density wave (CDW) phase, positioning it as a compell...
Plants are a powerful proxy for global tidal marsh methane fluxes
Methane (CH 4 ) emissions can reduce the climate benefits of tidal marshes. Yet the drivers of tidal marsh CH 4 emission...
Compensation and colonization offset the impacts of biodiversity loss over time in grasslands
The biodiversity–productivity relationship (BPR) is crucial for understanding the consequences of biodiversity loss; yet, how this relationship evolves over time in natural ecosystems remains unclear....