Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Articles in this Issue
The cost of thinking is similar between large reasoning models and humans
Do neural network models capture the cognitive demands of human reasoning? Across seven reasoning tasks, we show that the length of the chain-of-thought generated by large reasoning models predicts hu...
Correction for Hao et al., Synthetical lethality of Werner helicase and mismatch repair deficiency is mediated by p53 and PUMA in colon cancer
Removing dead trees will not save us from fast-moving wildfires
The adhesion GPCR ADGRL2 engages Gα13 to enable epidermal differentiation
Homeostasis relies on signaling networks controlled by cell membrane receptors. Although G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors, their specific roles in...
The liver talks back: NPY orchestrates attraction of cancer cells and CHK2-dependent clonogenicity in the metastatic niche
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics represent breakthrough discoveries, but their use in cancer remains limited due to hepatocyte-specific targeting. Cancer metastasis is regulated by complex crossta...
Structural insights into the G-protein subtype selectivity revealed by human sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3–G <sub>q</sub> complexes
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is one of the most extensively studied bioactive lipids that transduces signals via the S1P receptor (S1PR) family (S1PR1-5), a class of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR...
Anisotropic fluorescence emission by diatoms modifies the underwater oceanic light field
Fluorescence in phytoplankton and other autotrophic organisms originates within the cell chloroplasts, where a fraction of the absorbed solar radiation is reemitted at longer wavelengths by photopigme...
Small spaces have large impacts: Microsites determine plant litter decomposition rates in drylands
Our understanding of carbon and nutrient dynamics in globally vast and socioeconomically critical dryland ecosystems lags behind mesic systems. Litter decomposition models consistently underestimate m...
The lactate sensor NDRG3 decelerates ER-to-Golgi transport through interaction with the long isoform of syntaxin-5
BET1, GOSR2, and STX5 variants can cause fatal inherited diseases, including epilepsies, muscular dystrophy, and multisystemic disorders. To...
Physical models reveal indirect reader protein interactions that facilitate epigenetic crosstalk
The spatial organization of chromatin is governed by epigenetic factors, including epigenetic marks and the reader proteins that bind them. By dictating the accessibility of genomic loci, epigenetic f...
Alleviation of negative emotional and pain responses through amygdala-hypothalamic social circuit activation
Pain is a multifaceted experience that not only impacts individuals physiologically but also reshapes their emotional well-being and social dynamics. The expression of pain and postpain emotional stat...
Building the connectome of a small brain with a simple stochastic developmental generative model
The architectures of biological neural networks result from developmental processes shaped by genetically encoded rules, biophysical constraints, stochasticity, and learning. Understanding these proce...
Waiting time during admission procedures increases social inequalities in higher education
Many domains in life require people to wait to access better outcomes, such as waiting in line to access prized tickets for a show, waiting to obtain a job offer from a selective firm, or being waitli...
Structural basis for Lamassu-based antiviral immunity and its evolution from DNA repair machinery
Bacterial immune systems exhibit remarkable diversity and modularity, as a consequence of the continuous selective pressures imposed by phage predation. Despite recent mechanistic advances, the evolut...
EVOLVE platform, a trispecific T cell engager with integrated CD2 costimulation, for the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors
Ten CD3 T cell engagers (TCEs) have received regulatory approval for the treatment of hematologic and solid tumors. However, limited costimulatory signaling essential for sustained T cell effector act...
Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests
Recent evidence suggests that the ecological footprints of pre-Columbian Indigenous peoples in Amazonia persist in modern forests. Ecological impacts resulting from European colonization c. 1550 CE an...
Integrating generative AI and physical tests to strengthen claims about emergent phenomena
Organic geochemical evidence for life in Archean rocks identified by pyrolysis–GC–MS and supervised machine learning
Throughout Earth’s history, organic molecules from both abiogenic and biogenic sources have been buried in sedimentary rocks. Most of these organic molecules have been significantly altered by geologi...
An adipo-osteoprogenitor population in the endosteal niche contributes to bone and fat formation in adult mouse bone marrow
The adult bone marrow houses progenitors for both osteoblasts and adipocytes, but their precise molecular identity remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies indicate that Lepr...
Social interactions during foraging may be a key to survival for seabirds in the Southern Ocean
The X chromosome and the emergence of reproductive isolation
Honey bee queen pheromone provides an early warning system to prevent collapsing colonies
The ghost of <i>Bombus</i> past: Investigating the mystery of an extinct bumblebee
Scientific standards suffer from misrepresenting past work
Marine heatwave decimates fire coral populations in the Caribbean
Marine heatwaves (MHW) are common destructive events affecting coral reefs. After decades of degradation, the shallow reefs of the United States Virgin Islands have been depleted of scleractinian cora...