Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Differential <i>O</i> -glucose elongation on a specific EGF repeat within the canonical ligand–binding domain regulates DLL1/4-NOTCH1 signaling

Three types of O -linked glycosylation— O -glucose, O -fucose, and...

Nir2 crystal structures reveal a phosphatidic acid–sensing mechanism at ER–PM contact sites

Agonist-induced activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) converts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P 2 ] to diacylglycerol (DA...

Asymmetric gating of a homopentameric ion channel GLIC revealed by cryo-EM

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are vital neurotransmitter receptors that are key therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. Although the high-resolution structures of these channel...

Logarithmic coding leads to adaptive stabilization in the presence of sensorimotor delays

Animals respond to sensory stimuli with motor actions, which in turn generate new sensory inputs. This sensorimotor loop is constrained by time delays that impose a trade-off between responsiveness an...

All the world’s a phage

A renewed interest in bacteriophages has emerged from the explosive discovery of the complex pan-immune bacterial defense system and a revival of the therapeutic potential of phages in the age of wide...

Spatial gene expression analysis reveals pathological niches in Japanese encephalitis virus neuroinvasion

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection causes encephalitis in humans and animals. Following intradermal infection, JEV crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaches target cells in the brain...

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1/SerpinB3 is an endogenous skin injury response element

The squamous cell carcinoma antigen SerpinB3 is a serum-circulating biomarker of epithelial cancers associated with high metastasis, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis. Despite its clinical sign...

Magnon-induced electric polarization and magnon Nernst effects

Magnons offer a promising path toward energy-efficient information transmission and the development of next-generation classical and quantum computing technologies. However, efficiently exciting, mani...

Driving forces of RNA condensation revealed through coarse-grained modeling with explicit Mg ²⁺

RNAs are major drivers of phase separation in the formation of biomolecular condensates and can undergo protein-free phase separation in the presence of divalent ions or crowding agents. Much remains...

On the scale of heterogeneity in composite electrodes of batteries

An electrode in cylindrical or pouch cell batteries contains millions of active particles embedded in a conductive network. Battery performance, such as voltage, capacity, and cyclic efficiency, is a...

Morphological specializations of mosquito CO ₂ -sensing olfactory receptor neurons

Hematophagous mosquitoes use CO 2 as a key arousal signal that gates behavioral responses to host-derived cues. In Aedes aegypti...

Rewarding touch limits lifespan through neural to intestinal signaling

In multicellular organisms, sensory perception affects many aspects of behavior and physiology. Perception of environmental stressors like food scarcity often leads to physiological changes that promo...

A universal thermal performance curve arises in biology and ecology

Temperature has strong impacts on all biological and ecological processes, and thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been employed recurrently to assess them. TPCs almost always take a particular asy...

Outrunning protein diffusion to the air–water interface in cryoEM

Here, we report a series of measurements indicating that it is physically possible to thin and vitrify a specimen for electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) faster than proteins diffuse to the air–water int...

Intracellular pH regulates ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the MAP kinase ERK3

Intracellular pH (pHi) influences diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, metabolism, and migration, and is linked to metabolic diseases and cancer. Protonation alters protein charge...

Correction for Yu et al., Tetraphenylethene-based highly emissive metallacage as a component of theranostic supramolecular nanoparticles

Theta-nested gamma oscillations balance prediction and vigilance in spatial navigation

Recent experimental findings challenge the traditional belief that vigilance is solely attributed to the sensorimotor system, suggesting instead that hippocampal activity, coupled with locomotor proce...

Hierarchical self-assembly for high-yield addressable complexity at fixed conditions

There is evidence that the self-assembly of complex molecular systems often proceeds hierarchically, by first building subunits that later assemble in larger entities, in a process that can repeat mul...

Optimal disk packing of chloroplasts in plant cells

Photosynthesis is essential for ecosystem survival, but while plants require light, excessive exposure can damage cells. Chloroplasts, photosynthetic organelles, respond via self-organized motion with...

Correction to Supporting Information for Milkman et al., A megastudy of text-based nudges encouraging patients to get vaccinated at an upcoming doctor’s appointment

Parallel shifts in differential gene expression reveal convergent miniaturization in fishes

Body size variation in vertebrates is a complex polygenic trait, tightly correlated with numerous aspects of a species’ biology, ecology, and physiology. Miniaturization, the extreme reduction of adul...

Linker histone regulates the myeloid versus lymphoid bifurcation of multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitors

Myeloid-biased differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) occurs with aging or exhaustion. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this fate bias remain unclear....

Dual-site cooperation for synergistic optimization of the band structure and spin state to facilitate C–N coupling reaction

The emerging electrocatalytic C–N coupling reaction provides an attractive route toward green urea synthesis, but a lack of in-depth insight into the catalytic mechanism and the geometric/electronic c...

Full interhemispheric integration sustained by a fraction of posterior callosal fibers

The dynamic integration of the lateralized and specialized capacities of the two cerebral hemispheres constitutes a hallmark feature of human brain function. This interhemispheric exchange of informat...

Descattering and image restoration with a transformer-based neural network in deep tissue imaging

Imaging biological structures deep inside tissues is crucial but challenging due to common light scattering. This study proposes a multiattention network that directly maps degraded scattering two-pho...