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METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ATAZANAVIR AND RITONAVIR IN THE DOSAGE FORM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
The present work describes a validated reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in the dosage form.The quantification was carried out using Sunfire C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm), 5µm and mobile phase comprised of Buffer (pH 2.5) and Acetonitrile in proportion of 50: 50 (v/v).The flow rate was 2.0ml/min and the eluent was monitored at 210nm.The selected chromatographic conditions were found to effectively quantitate Atazanavir and Ritonavir at retention time of about 3.5min and 9min respectively. Linearity were found to be in the range of 29.9792- 449.6885 µg/mL for Atazanavir and 9.9939 - 149.9089µg/ml for Ritonavir.The percentage recoveries of all the drugs were found to be 98.0-102.0%.The proposed method were found to be fast,specific,accurate,precise and reproducible and can be used for the estimation of Atazanavir and Ritonavir drug.
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF COCCINA INDICA, SIDA CORDATA, MEDICAGO SATIVA AND WEDELIA TRILOBATA USING DPPH METHOD
Background - As an element safeguarding the body's health, antioxidants are crucial. Antioxidants may lower your chance of developing chronic diseases including cancer, Liver and heart disease, according to scientific research. The majority of the antioxidant substances in a regular diet come from plant sources and fall under several groups of substances with a wide range of physical and chemical characteristics. Objective - To evaluate the Antioxidant activity of the various extracts of Coccina indica, Sida cordata, Medicago sativa and . Wedelia trilobata leaves using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Method. Methods – The selected plant components are crushed into a fine powder, and this powder is then sieved through a specific number of sieve 40 to create a homogenous powder. Additionally, this powder has been tested in accordance with WHO guidelines. It was discovered that all of the measured parameters fell inside the defined ranges. All of the plant parts were extracted using pet ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous after physicochemical evaluation. Results – In this study Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH (1, 1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method for different extracts of leaves of of Coccinaindica, Sidacordata, Medicago sativa and Wedeliatrilobata. plant species which showed that alcoholic extract of leaves of this plant on higher concentration possess better antioxidant potential when compare to reference standard ascorbic acid. They exhibited strong antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of9.3 and 24.8 μg/ml for ascorbic acid and alcoholic leaves extract respectively. The absorbance for reducing power was found to be 0.0390, 0.0989 for ascorbic acid and alcoholic leaves extract respectively. The strongest antioxidant activity of ethanol extract could be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EVALUATION OF ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA BARK EXTRACT ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
The present investigation entitled “Hepatoprotective Evaluation of Ziziphus Mauritiana Bark Extract on Experimental Animals has been carried out and presented in the thesis. The present investigation is concerned with the widely distributed indigenous plants Ziziphus Mauritiana. From the survey of literature of this plant, it is observed that this plant is well known. In order to do a systematic study on a lead molecule discovery and optimization, we have gone in for a treatment of a set of ailments by diverse plants species from different family. Ziziphus Mauritiana belongs to the family of Rhammaceae was reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-covulsant, skin infection, antioxidant activity. It is a medium to large trees, 12 m in hight, bark dark brown, found in villeges forest on wastelands throughout india. The work involves extraction, GC-MS, pharmacological screening of the extracts, isolation and characterization of constituents by using modern analytical techniques. Keeping in view of the various medicinal uses of the plant mentioned in the literature pharmacological evaluation was carried out to substantiate folklore claim. Toxicity studied result revealed that both EE an aqueous extract on oral route was safe to administer at high dose of 2000 mg/kg
REVIEW ARTICLE ON SUSTAINED RELEASE DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ANTI-PLATELET DRUGS
Antiplatelet medications currently on the market interfere with one or more phases in the platelet release and aggregation process, leading to a meaningful decrease in thrombosis risk that cannot be separated from an elevated risk of bleeding. Understanding that under physiological conditions, 1011 platelets are created daily-a quantity that can rise up to 10-fold during times of greater need—is crucial when thinking about antiplatelet medications.
RELATED SUBSTANCES METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ATAZANAVIR AND RITONAVIR IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
A simple, rapid, selective and stability indicating reversed High performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of process related and degradation impurities present in Atazanavir and Ritonavir tablets. The two proposed drug components and their respective impurities were separated using ACE C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm), 5µm and mobile phase comprised of Buffer (pH 3.3) and Ogranic solvent in gradient proportion.The flow rate was 0.9ml/min.The detector wavelength of 240nm was used for quantifying the impurities.The selected chromatographic conditions were found to effectively quantitate Atazanavir and Ritonavir and its related impurities. Linearity and range were eatablished from LOQ level to 150% level. Accuracy of the method was established from LOQ level to 150% level.The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined dosage form as well as individual forms also.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF COCCINAINDICA, SIDACORDATA, MEDICAGO SATIVA AND WEDELIATRILOBATA
Background - The liver is a crucial organ that is important for the body's removal of xenobiotics. The pharmaceutical business, as well as healthcare practitioners, are challenged by diseases that affect the liver. Botanical medications are frequently employed since the standard therapy for liver problems is linked to a wide variety of negative effects. Objective - To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the various extracts of Coccinaindica, Sidacordata, Medicago sativa and . Wedeliatrilobata leaves in mice. Methods– The chosen plant parts has been grounded to the fine powder form and this powder is then sieved with a particular number of sieve that is number 40 so as to obtain a uniform powder. Further to this this powder is under gone with WHO guideline.It was found that the specified limits were within all the measured parameters. After physicochemical characterization, all of the plant components were extracted using Pet ether., Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous.The evaluation was designed to understand the pharmacological activity at various dose levels of each plant substance, in order to select the appropriate doses. Results – Extremely reactive free radical CCl3 specifically targets polyunsaturated endoplasmic reticulum fatty acids in hepatocytes and thus causes over production of Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase and alanine amino transferase and serum bilirubin.serum enzyme levels of when CCl4 was used to cause liver toxicity increased significantly. of Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase and alanine amino transferase,Serum bilirubin (T and D) and decrease the levels of total protein. The biochemical evaluation of the liver enzymes showed a potential hepatoprotective effect of Alcoholic (Ethanolic) extract of Cocciniaindica (CIEE); Aq. extract of Sidacordata(SCAE), Alcoholic (Ethanolic) extract of Wedeliatrilobata(WTEE) and ethanolic extract of Medicago sativa(MSEE) in the experimental rat models. The selected medicinal plants are widely employed in various liver disorders in traditional systems of medicine. The present pharmacological evaluation will provide scientific data about the rationale behind their use.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-UROLITHIASIS ACTIVITY OF WOODFORDIA FRUTICOSA
Euphorbia hirta L. is a common weed plant that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae characterized by the presence of milky latex in leaves and stems. Phytochemical screening of leaves of Euphorbia hirta L. confirmed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannin and terpenoids. FTIR confirms the formation of calcium oxalate crystals with major peaks at 3331.07, 1608.63, 1317.38, and 775.38, which corresponds to asymmetric O-H bending, C=O stretching, C-O stretching and C-H bending. Urinary stone formation takes place due to changes in urinary chemistry, such as hyperoxaluria and hypercalciuria, leading to urinary super saturation, which later crystallizes, aggregates and ends up in stone formation. Evidences in previous studies indicated that, in response to 14 days period of ethylene glycol (0.75%v/v) administration, young albino rats form renal calculi composed mainly of CaOx. The principal precursor of oxalic acid in mammals is glyoxalic acid. The enzymatic oxidative conversion of glycolate to oxalate via glyoxylate is the major metabolic pathway involved in endogenous oxalate synthesis. The enzymatic disturbances are the causative factors for the idiopathic hyperoxaluria; while, the defective intestinal absorption of oxalate plays a vital role in enteric hyperoxaluria and lead to an increase in the urinary oxalate concentration. In the present study, chronic administration of 0.75% ethylene glycol aqueous solution to male Wistar rats resulted in hyperoxaluria. Oxalate and calcium excretion in urine were grossly increased in calculi- induced animals.
ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES OF HERBS : A REVIEW
There are tremendous reserves of organic compounds found in many plants on Earth that only a very small amount of which as an anti-cancer compounds tested and used. Worldwide endeavors are underway to discover new anti-cancer drugs. Nowadays, there is a proclivity to use of traditional and herbal medicines in cancer treatment. The omission of this paper aimed to investigate the medicinal plants which are endemic in many parts of the world and were used for the treatment of various cancers. The evaluated plants and consequently appropriated ones that are used in cancer treatment as well as metabolites that are extracted from which would be useful to scholars around the world.
A SURVEY ON DANGEROUS SIDE EFFECTS OF OTC MEDICATION ON HUMAN HEALTH
OTC drugs are those drugs which are safe and effective for use by the general public without a doctor’s prescription. It is also called prescription de controlled drugs.These drugs are the non prescription or over-the-counter drugs. These have little significant pharmacological activity and therefore the physician need not to be very much concerned about their use by the patients themselves. It is used primarily for symptomatic relief and not as substitutes for prescription drugs. Associated harms included direct physiological or psychological harm (e.g. opiate addiction), harm from another ingredient (e.g. ibuprofen-related gastric bleeding) and associated social and economic problems.
MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES IN INDIA: A REVIEW
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GARLIC AND CURCUMIN FOR ITS CARDIOPROTECTIVE PROPERTY
The combination of garlic and curcumin showed a significant increase in total protein value as compared to cadmium control, thus showing decrease in oxidation of total protein. Garlic and curcumin combination also showed significant reduction in serum enzymes i.e SGOT, SGPT, as compared to other antioxidants and combination. Current study has shown that exposure to cadmium had significant effects on rats blood parameters. In our present study treatment of garlic and curcumin in combination decreased the toxic effects of Cadmium on the hematological values and had a protective role in anaemia induced by cadmium as compared to other antioxidants. The combination of garlic and curcumin was found to be most significantly effective in the treatment of cadmium induced oxidative stress. In current study garlic and curcumin in combination decreased the activity of SOD and Catalase significantly as compared to other treatment groups.
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ANTI-PLATELET DRUGS
Antiplatelet medications currently on the market interfere with one or more phases in the platelet release and aggregation process, leading to a meaningful decrease in thrombosis risk that cannot be separated from an elevated risk of bleeding. Understanding that under physiological conditions, 1011 platelets are created daily-a quantity that can rise up to 10-fold during times of greater need—is crucial when thinking about antiplatelet medications.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF BARK EXTRACT OF ZMA AND ZME ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA AND ZIZIPHUS NUMMULARIA (RHAMNACEAE)
Medicinal plants are used in traditional system of medicine to treat various diseases and many of these plants have been evaluated for their different pharmacological activities. Ziziphus mauritiana (ZM) (Rhamnaceae) is found wild and cultivated in many parts of India, Burma and Srilanka. Seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana have been reported to have sedative-hypnotic, hypotensive, antihypoxic, antihyperlipidemic and hypothermic activities. It is reported to contain minerals, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, tannins and saponins. Traditional medicine using herbal drugs exists in every part of the world. The major areas are Chinese, Indian and European traditions. The philosophies of these traditional medicines have some resemblance to each other but differ widely from modern western medicine. In view of the progress of western medicine not only new synthetic drugs but also herbal drugs have to fulfill the international requirements on quality, safety and efficacy. Herbal drugs have the advantage of being available for patients in the geographical area of the special traditional medicine. The development procedure of herbal drugs for world-wide use has to be different from that of synthetic drugs.
EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS
The plant which is selected for studies is Citrullus colocynthis. These plants are available in large quantities in desert area of Rajasthan and different region of the world. The pharmacological studies on diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, fever, bacteria, wound healing activities and antioxidant activities of the plants have been tested and evaluated for various disease treatments like diabetes, fever, obesity and other many various disorders. The main focus is given against streptozocin induced diabetes treatment in albino rats and comparison is done with standard drug glibenclamide.
SELF NANOEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: AN UPDATED REVIEW
Self- nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is getting popularity for enhancing the solubility of hydrophobic drugs. SNEDDS are employed to solve issues regarding low bioavailability of poorly soluble and greatly permeable compounds. The SNEDDS are isotropic mixtures of solvents, co-solvents, surfactants and oil. The chief characteristic of SNEDDS is their capability to make acceptable Microemulsions or oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions with mild agitation. SNEDDS comprise a less content of lipid whereas greater amount of lipophobic surfactants and co-surfactants. Usually SNEDDS prepared as liquid, but several methods have been developed for converting liquid SNEEDS into solid forms, extrusion, and melting, spray-drying, adsorption onto porous carriers freeze drying. Due to vast development of this technology, SNEDDS will assist novel applications in drug delivery and resolve difficulties related with the poorly soluble drug delivery.
FLOATING MICROSPHERE AS GASTRO RETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: AN UPDATED REVIEW
Floating drug delivery system is anticipated to float in long lasting way when come in contact with the gastric contents and subsequently to improve the drugs bioavailability. The different floating formulations which include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, granules and films are presently under research and development. Floating microspheres (FMs) are particularly getting importance because of their varied applicability for drug targeting to stomach. These gastro retentive FMs are systems having less density have the potential to float and distributed evenly through the entire gastric fluid, lessen the chances of gastric emptying and ensure the drug release for longer period of time. The FMs also enhances the patient compliance by diminishing the frequency of dosage. By employing FMs, significant therapeutic effect could be attained from drugs having short half-life. In this review we will discuss fundamentals of floating microspheres along with recent applications of floating microspheres.
STABILITY AND BIODISTRIBUTION STUDY OF TARAXACUM OFFICINALE NIOSOMES
Recent progress in the study of such plants has resulted in isolation of about different phytoconstituents from plants. Among them 110 species of different plant families are mentioned their specific parts having protective action against certain liver disorder. Over the past several years, great advances have been made on development of novel drug delivery system (NDDS) for plant actives and extracts. The variety of novel herbal formulations like polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, transferosomes and ethosomes has been reported using bioactive and plant extracts. The biodistribution pattern says that the dandelion loaded niosomes minimized the toxicity associated with plain dandelion solution. Vesicular systems not only help in targeting the drug the liver, but also help in providing controlled parenteral delivery by preventing metabolism of the drug from the enzymes present at the hepatic cells. Longer circulation of the niosomes showed that, incorporation of dandelion into the niosomes helped to increase the stability of dandelion by preventing it from chemical and enzymatic degradation. vesicles consisting of one or more surfactant bilayers enclosing aqueous spaces called niosomes have been considered of particular interest as they offer several advantages over liposomes with respect to chemical stability, lower cost and availability of materials. Lyophilized niosomal formulation (Proniosomes) were stable when stored at both refrigerated and room temperature.
STABILITY AND BIODISTRIBUTION STUDY OF QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE NIOSOMAL FORMULATION
Niosomal formulation found to be one of the promising approach to treat the malaria. QH loaded niosomal formulation used for the targeting the liver stages of the parasite to treat early stage malaria. The biodistribution pattern says that the QH loaded niosomes minimized the toxicity associated with plain QH solution, as were at the liver for longer period of time. Longer circulation of the niosomes showed that, incorporation of QH into the niosomes helped to increase the stability of QH by preventing it from chemical and enzymatic degradation. Lyophilized niosomal formulation (Proniosomes) were stable when stored at both refrigerated and room temperature.
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHRONOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF NOCTURNAL ASTHMA BY USING SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE MICROSPHERE
Asthma can show noticeable daily fluctuations. Patients usually have symptoms that appear mainly during sleep, and even when symptoms occur during the day, they usually worsen at night. Deaths from asthma also usually occur at night or in the early morning. The rational of this study is to design and evaluate an oral site-specific, pulsatile drug delivery system containing Salbutamol Sulphate, which can be targeted to colon in a pH and time dependent manner, to modulate the drug level in synchrony with the circadian rhythm of nocturnal asthma. In the present research work, we have attempted to develop a novel dosage form by using a chronopharmaceutical approach. A microsphere dosage form, taken at bed time with a programmed start of drug release early in morning hours, can prevent a sharp increase in the incidence of asthmatic attacks, during the early morning hours (nocturnal asthma), a time when the risk of asthmatic attacks is the greatest.
A REVIEW ON HPLC APPROACHES FOR SIMULTANEOUSLY DETERMINING ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG COMBINATIONS
Recent demand for high-throughput analyses with high sensitivity and selectivity to molecules and drugs in different classes with different physical-chemical properties and a reduction in analysis time is a major milestone for novel methodologies, especially when analytical procedures are applied to clinical purposes. Multi-drug therapy are used to treat multiple diseases to prevent high doses of a single medicine that could produce negative effects. In recent years, fast approaches for analysing mixed compounds have been in high demand. New procedures and devices were created to meet these needs. Complex matrices can slow sample preparation and processing. Quantitative drug association profiles face issues with components, matrices, compounds, and physical-chemical complexity. We discuss HPLC methods for the determination of different combination of Benidipine hydrochloride, Metoprolol succinate, Azelnidipine, Bisoprolol Fumarate, and Cilnidipine. This study covers recently optimised procedures such as chromatographic separation, as well as methodologies that have improved accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity in quantitative drug association analyses.