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Nature of the Reactive Biferric Peroxy Intermediate P′ in the Arylamine Oxygenases and Related Binuclear Fe Enzymes
Author Correction: Sequential oxygen evolution and decoupled water splitting via electrochemical redox reaction of nickel hydroxides
Tobacco smoking and the risk of aortic dissection in the UK Biobank and a meta-analysis of prospective studies
Abstract Tobacco smoking is thought to increase risk of aortic dissection, however, few prospective studies have been published on the association to date and little is known about the effect of smoking cessation on risk of aortic dissection. To clarify these associations we investigated the association between different aspects of tobacco smoking and aortic dissection in the UK Biobank Study and we summarized the available data in a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between smoking and risk of aortic dissection in the UK Biobank. PubMed and Embase were searched up to 19th of July 2024 to identify relevant cohort studies and random effects models were used to calculate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs in the meta-analysis. During a mean follow-up of 12.3 years a total of 376 incident cases of aortic dissection were identified among 499,078 participants. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for current and former smokers versus never smokers were 2.48 (1.87–3.29) and 1.03 (0.81–1.29), respectively. There was a dose-response between increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and aortic dissection risk with HRs (95% CIs) of 2.31 (1.13–4.71), 2.94 (1.88–4.58), and 2.63 (1.65–4.37) for 1–9, 10–19, and ≥ 20 cigarettes/day among current smokers. Greater number of pack-years was positively associated with aortic dissection (1.66, 1.21–2.28 for ≥ 30 pack-years vs. never smokers). Former smokers who had quit for varying durations had a 48-75% reduction in aortic dissection risk when compared to current smokers. In the meta-analysis, the summary RR was 2.44 (1.65–3.60, I2 = 68%, n = 3) for current and 1.32 (0.72–2.40, I2 = 75%, n = 3) for former vs. never smokers, 1.52 (1.30–1.79, I2 = 31%, n = 3) per 10 cigarettes/day, 1.16 (1.06–1.28, I2 = 44%, n = 3) per 10 pack-years, and 0.78 (0.71–0.86, I2 = 0%, n = 2) per 10 years since quitting smoking. These results provide further support that tobacco smoking increases the risk of developing aortic dissection with some indication of a dose-response with increasing intensity and amount, while smoking cessation attenuated this risk. Although further studies are needed, these findings provide further support for policies to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the general population and to promote smoking cessation among smokers.
Plasmonic Charge Localization and C–H Activation at Single-Atom Sites in Dilute Copper Platinum Alloys
An unsupervised map of excitatory neuron dendritic morphology in the mouse visual cortex
Abstract Neurons in the neocortex exhibit astonishing morphological diversity, which is critical for properly wiring neural circuits and giving neurons their functional properties. However, the organizational principles underlying this morphological diversity remain an open question. Here, we took a data-driven approach using graph-based machine learning methods to obtain a low-dimensional morphological “bar code” describing more than 30,000 excitatory neurons in mouse visual areas V1, AL, and RL that were reconstructed from the millimeter scale MICrONS serial-section electron microscopy volume. Contrary to previous classifications into discrete morphological types (m-types), our data-driven approach suggests that the morphological landscape of cortical excitatory neurons is better described as a continuum, with a few notable exceptions in layers 5 and 6. Dendritic morphologies in layers 2–3 exhibited a trend towards a decreasing width of the dendritic arbor and a smaller tuft with increasing cortical depth. Inter-area differences were most evident in layer 4, where V1 contained more atufted neurons than higher visual areas. Moreover, we discovered neurons in V1 on the border to layer 5, which avoided deeper layers with their dendrites. In summary, we suggest that excitatory neurons’ morphological diversity is better understood by considering axes of variation than using distinct m-types.
On some counting polynomials and energy properties of superphenalene and supertriphenylene
Bireociclib plus fulvestrant for HR+/HER2- advanced female breast cancer progressed on or after endocrine therapy: phase 3 BRIGHT-2 study interim analysis
Longwall panel width design with prediction of the corresponding maximum induced ground surface subsidence
Defined Glycan Ligands for Detecting Rare <scp>l</scp>-Sugar-Binding Proteins
Spike-phase coupling of subthalamic neurons to posterior perisylvian cortex predicts speech sound accuracy
Abstract Speech provides a rich context for understanding how cortical interactions with the basal ganglia contribute to unique human behaviors, but opportunities for direct human intracranial recordings across cortical-basal ganglia networks are rare. Here we have recorded electrocorticographic signals in the cortex synchronously with single units in the basal ganglia during awake neurosurgeries where participants spoke syllable repetitions. We have discovered that individual subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons have transient (200 ms) spike-phase coupling (SPC) events with multiple cortical regions. The spike timing of STN neurons is locked to the phase of theta-alpha oscillations in the supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyrus during speech planning and production. Speech sound errors occur when this STN-cortical interaction is delayed. Our results suggest that timely interactions between the STN and the posterior perisylvian cortex support auditory-motor coordinate transformation or phonological working memory during speech planning. These findings establish a framework for understanding cortical-basal ganglia interaction in other human behaviors, and additionally indicate that firing-rate based models are insufficient for explaining basal ganglia circuit behavior.
RBM24 regulates apoptosis rates by modulating global transcriptome profile in CAL27 cells
Author Correction: Over-reliance on land for carbon dioxide removal in net-zero climate pledges
A hybrid theoretical–numerical–experimental framework for robust health monitoring of thin-walled hollow composite members using guided waves
Abstract Thin-walled hollow composite members (HCM) are extensively employed in aerospace and automotive industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility. This study introduces a hybrid -numerical–experimental framework for robust detection and characterisation of barely visible damage in HCM using guided waves (GW). It focuses on assessing surface abrasion and hairline cracks, two common yet challenging damage types encountered in the field. A semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) formulation is developed for the dispersion analysis alongside numerical simulations using finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics ® , and experimental validation is performed to ensure accurate and reliable results. The study focuses on GW propagation and scattering behaviour under varying damage scenarios, exploring the effects of damage size, position, and its offset on wave features. Parametric analyses show significant variations in wave characteristics such as group velocity, amplitude, and mode features. A waveform and statistical approach incorporating continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and energy enables precise damage classification. Results show that abrasion-induced damages cause substantial changes in GW features in terms of DIs and statistical parameters, while hairline cracks marginally affect the damage indices and wave features, aiding in distinguishing between different damage types. These findings contribute to the development of robust damage identification algorithms for structural health monitoring, providing valuable insights for optimising the maintenance and performance of composite structures in critical engineering environments, ensuring safety and operational efficiency.