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Tailoring energy storage performance of BaTiO3–CeO2 lead-free films via nanostructure design and crystalline orientation
Relaxor ferroelectrics are promising for high-performance energy storage applications, particularly in miniaturized electronic devices and power systems. Herein, we investigate the influence of CeO2 doping on the structural and polarization behavior of (1 − x)BaTiO3−xCeO2 [(1 − x)BT−xC, 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5] films. Our results show that the incorporation of CeO2 into BaTiO3 matrix induces chemical and structural heterogeneity, which effectively suppresses hysteresis, achieving a large energy storage density Ue of ∼37.6 J/cm3 and a high efficiency η of ∼80% for 0.7BT-0.3C films grown on Nb-SrTiO3 (001) substrates. The orientation control further refined the energy storage properties, with 0.7BT-0.3C films grown on (110)- and (111)-oriented Nb-SrTiO3 substrates exhibiting improved Ue of 44.8 and 46.8 J/cm3. The frequency and thermal stability analyses revealed that the nanostructured BaTiO3-based films maintained stable energy storage performance across a wide frequency range from 20 Hz to 10 kHz, and temperature range from 25 to 160 °C. These findings suggest the potential of nanostructure engineering and orientation control in improving the energy storage performance of BaTiO3-based films for advanced applications.
Iron‐Catalyzed <i>trans</i>‐Hydrostannation of Terminal Alkynes
AbstractThe readily accessible iron complex [Cp*FeCl(tmeda)] is an effective catalyst for the highly regio‐ and stereoselective trans‐hydrostannylation of terminal alkyl alkynes, affording a type of alkenylstannanes that is difficult to make otherwise. The R3Sn‐ moiety is faithfully delivered to the terminal C‐atom, unless a propargylic or homo‐propargylic ─OH or ─NH2 group is present in the substrate, which (partly or fully) inverts the regiochemical course; this steering effect, however, can be switched off upon protection of the protic site. The trans‐addition likely starts by insertion of the [Cp*FeCl] fragment into the R3Sn─H bond, followed by a migratory insertion of the ligated alkyne into the Fe─Sn unit of the Fe(IV) species thus formed. This “modified Chalk–Harrod” mechanism is manifested in a stannylative cyclization of 1,6‐enyne derivatives, which has hardly any precedent either; a pathway via iron vinylidene intermediates can be excluded on the basis of deuterium labeling experiments.
Sub-area classification of environmental phosphorus loss risk in Yunnan’s crop-livestock systems: a spatiotemporal analysis
Abstract Crop and livestock production in Yunnan province has experienced significant growth over the last decade. However, this progress has come at the expense of excessive phosphorus (P) losses to the environment, leading to ecosystem degradation and adverse effects on human health. As a result, there has been a growing focus on mitigating P losses within the crop-livestock systems (CLSs). Nonetheless, research on quantitatively analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of P flows in these systems remains inadequate. Addressing this issue requires adopting an appropriate spatial scale for P management, which balances accurate regional representation with sufficient data granularity. Using statistical data, literature and geospatial data collected from 1995 to 2014, a time series and spatial distribution of P flows associated with CLSs was analyzed using the SFA model (Substance Flows Analysis). The results showed that total P inputs to crop systems increased by 52% (from 2.89 × 105 t in 1995 to 4.4 × 105 t in 2014) in Yunnan province. Concurrently, feed import as a dominant input to animal subsystems experienced a minor decrease over the same period. Application of P fertilizer was the main source of P inputs. Soil accumulation emerged as a prominent pathway, contributing to 50% of the total P output in 2014. Additionally, losses to water, stemming from terrain conditions and improper fertilizer application patterns, represented other notable pathways. A spatial analysis of P use efficiency categorized the region into three sub-areas comprising 16 municipalities. In region I, soil testing and fertilizer regulation could support targeted P fertilizer application based on the nutrient supplying capacity of soil and crop nutrient demands. Region II calls for the integration of crop and livestock production, while the region III would necessitate the expansion of animal production and advancements in manure management technology. This approach of sub-area classification presents a promising strategy for improving nutrient management in areas with complex terrain and diverse climate condition.
Optical transitions between entangled electron–phonon states in silicon
Silicon crystallizes in the diamond structure with two atoms per unit cell and supports three optical phonon modes. However, due to the centrosymmetric nature of the lattice, these modes do not induce a net dipole moment and are therefore inactive in infrared absorption. Even in polar semiconductors, where optical phonons can be IR-active, conventional techniques such as infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy are restricted to probing phonons at the Brillouin zone center (Γ-point). In this work, we demonstrate that time- and spectrally resolved pump–probe ellipsometry enables access to the coherent response of electron–phonon coupled states involving both valence and conduction bands. Following two-photon absorption induced by the femtosecond pump pulse, the electronic excitation relaxes and drives the generation of coherent longitudinal optical phonons along the X-direction of the Brillouin zone, followed by optical transitions of entangled electron–phonon states along the Λ-direction. This process results in a transient, strongly correlated electron–phonon state that persists for up to ≈ 300 fs. Within this coherent time window, the silicon crystal exhibits optical resonances at electronic transition energies modulated by quantized phonon contributions. Finally, we detect further sidebands in the ellipsometric spectrum, which are 81 meV apart and assign these to two-phonon-assisted electronic transitions.
Novel eigenvector centrality indices for octane isomers to explore their physicochemical properties
Abstract In chemical graph theory, a molecular structure is represented as a molecular graph $$G(V,E)$$ , where $$V$$ denotes the non-empty set of atoms (vertices) and $$E$$ represents the set of bonds (edges) between the atoms. Centrality measures in a molecular graph are vital for understanding the importance of individual atoms. Among various centrality measures, the eigenvector centrality is a robust metric that captures both the quantity and quality of connections to identify the most influential atoms. Mathematically, the eigenvector centrality $$({x}_{i})$$ of an atom $$i$$ in $$G(V,E)$$ can be defined as the $${i}^{th}$$ entry in the normalized eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue $$(\lambda )$$ of the adjacency matrix $$A\left(G\right)=\left({a}_{ij}\right)$$ , where $${a}_{ij}=1$$ if an atom $$i$$ is adjacent to an atom $$j$$ and $${a}_{ij}=0$$ otherwise. That is, $${x}_{i}=\frac{1}{\lambda }\sum_{j=1}^{n}{a}_{ij}{x}_{j}$$ where $$n$$ is the number of atoms in $$G(V,E)$$ . In this paper, seven eigenvector centrality-based topological indices are introduced and applied to octane isomers. These indices are utilized in QSPR (Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship) analysis to investigate the properties such as density, mean radius, entropy and more. The results establish a statistically significant and strong correlation between the computed indices and properties of octane isomers. The reliability and accuracy of the regression models are further confirmed through Y-randomization and chi-square goodness-of-fit tests, highlighting the potential of these indices for applications in cheminformatics-based predictive modeling.
Polarization-resolved surface and bulk states in CsPbBr3 single crystals via second harmonic generation
Due to their superior electronic and optical properties, halide perovskite single crystals have been potential candidates for developing high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Defect states located on the surface or within the bulk of single crystals play a crucial role in determining the performance of devices. In this work, the surface and bulk states in CsPbBr3 single crystals were investigated by polarization-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. Onefold anisotropy of SHG intensity indicates that the polycrystalline Cs4PbBr6 and CsPb2Br5 phases dominate the surface, which exhibits Cs symmetry. Moreover, an unpolarized and strong luminescence was observed induced by two-photon absorption, which displays a twofold symmetry. Br vacancies within the bulk were identified as the radiative recombination centers according to their energy level position. These experimental results not only establish a method for distinguishing between surface and bulk states but also facilitate a deeper understanding of the optical properties of defect states in CsPbBr3 single crystals.
Effects of environmental factors on olive production of Jenin in Palestine
High-sensitivity surface acoustic wave magnetic field sensors enabled by amorphous Fe-Ga-B films with optimized boron content
Magnetic field sensors based on acoustic resonators and the ΔE effect in ferromagnetic thin films enable compact size, high sensitivity, wide bandwidth, chip-scale field detection. The sensing performance of the device strongly depends on the soft magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of ferromagnetic films. Here, we systematically investigate the relationship between the magnetic field response of ΔE effect-based delay line surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and the boron (B) doping concentration in Fe-Ga-B magnetostrictive thin films. Structural characterizations reveal a transition from a polycrystalline to a fully amorphous phase at a B content of 9.69 at. %, accompanied by a sharp reduction in both coercivity and in-plane anisotropy field. This transition leads to a step-like improvement in sensor performance. By optimizing the B composition, we identify a doping range that significantly enhances the performance of SAW devices, with a maximum phase shift of 60.81° at a B content of 12.33 at. % and a peak phase sensitivity of 5.95°/Oe at a B content of 18.84 at. %, providing a magnetic material design guideline for advancing magnetoelectric acoustic devices.
SuFEx‐Enabled Polypeptide: Creating Diversified Properties with Minimal Preset Conditions
AbstractFacile but effective synthesis and functionalization of polypeptides has long been a challenge, blocking the way to further explorations of their properties and potential applications. Here, we report the incorporation of sulfur(VI)‐fluoride exchange (SuFEx) moiety in amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides, which grant the resulting polypeptides from ring‐opening polymerization the ability to utilize simple hydroxyl and amino groups on functional moieties of interest without the requirement for the introduction of preset conditions, such as reactive molecular anchors. We prepared series of polypeptides modified with sulfates or amidosulfonates (sulfamates), and importantly, we demonstrate that such linkages derived from SuFEx exhibit unique nature, which possibly benefits future biomaterial designs. In addition, the linkages can synergize with incorporated functionalizing moieties, demonstrated in a proof‐of‐concept example in which the sulfate‐linked, saccharide‐modified polypeptides showed outstanding antiviral activity and biocompatibility.
A novel way to optimize the process parameters by integrating the grey relational coefficient and the combined compromise solution for machining the CFRP composites
Abstract The quality of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) machining during wet drilling is strongly influenced by the moisture content and cutting tool geometry. The current investigation aims to determine the optimum drilling process parameters for machining CFRPs by combining the grey relational coefficient with the combined compromise solution (Grey-CoCoSo). A distance correlation-based criterion importance through intercriteria correlation (D-CRITIC) method was used to ascertain the weights of decision-making to manage the responses from multiple-measure decision-making. Several multiresponse outputs—the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), and delamination factor (DF)—were taken into consideration during the analysis of the input factors—the spindle speed (N), drill diameter (D), and feed rate (F). An enhanced MRR and reduced Ra and DF were achieved due to the optimal parametric conditions of D, F, and N when the D-CRITIC weight was set to 6 mm, 0.1 mm/rev, and 7500 rpm, respectively. As a result, the Ki value would have improved by 17.684%. Thus, N was found to be a pivotal parameter influencing MRR, DF, and Ra. The outcomes indicate that the proposed synergistic approach is beneficial for solving situations in which multicriteria decision-making is applicable to CFRPs. Compared with other conventional multicriteria decision-making approaches, the proposed newer approach is versatile and efficient in excluding variation. Thus, the grey-CoCoSo approach can be a promising way of optimizing process parameters for machining CFRPs.
Polarization-oriented enhancement of ferroelectric photovoltaic performance in BiFeO3 synapses for neuromorphic vision systems
Ferroelectric photovoltaic (PV) synapses, which utilize polarization to precisely tune the photocurrent as synaptic weight, have attracted increasing interest due to their excellent polarization controllability, fast response speed, and low energy consumption. Herein, we identify a [111] polarization-oriented strategy that significantly enhances the ferroelectric PV performance of BiFeO3 (BFO) epitaxial-film devices without compromising their ferroelectricity. The photocurrent and power conversion efficiency of the [111]-oriented BFO device are two orders of magnitude larger than that of [001]-oriented BFO. The [111]-oriented BFO device exhibits the highest remnant polarization (∼120 μC/cm2) among those reported ferroelectric PV devices, as well as excellent fatigue resistance. The high electric-field tunability of photocurrent enables [111]-oriented BFO device to function as a ferroelectric PV synapse, showing optoelectronic long-term potentiation/depression synaptic plasticity. Simulated [111]-oriented BFO synapse arrays achieve various neuromorphic tasks such as in-sensor image recognition with a high accuracy of more than 94% and edge feature extraction by using them as an in-sensor convolution kernel. This work demonstrates the superiority of the [111]-oriented BFO synapse in neuromorphic vision systems.
The impact of interferon-γ pathway on trained immunity induction by vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin
Probing magneto-thermoelectric transport in magnetic thin films using lock-in thermography under a varying DC offset
Lock-in thermography (LIT) is a powerful tool for studying magneto-thermoelectric effects in magnetic materials. While most studies have focused on thick or bulk films with negligible DC offset-induced Joule heating, systematic studies of the DC offset effect in thin films have been lacking. Here, we investigate the anomalous Ettingshausen effect (AEE) in magnetic thin films, including Ni(10 nm), CoFeB(6 nm), and CoFeB(6 nm)/Ru(0.6 nm)/Ni(10 nm) synthetic antiferromagnets, using the LIT under varying DC offset and magnetic field conditions. We show theoretically that, instead of adversely affecting LIT measurements, an intentionally introduced DC offset with moderate magnitude facilitates the extraction of AEE signals, which is verified experimentally through measurement of hysteresis loops of different types of U-shaped samples. Our findings show LIT's potential for studying magneto-thermoelectric effects in single- and multilayer structures over a broad thickness range, beyond just thick films.
Large ore detection in blasting piles using LODM
Abstract After blasting in an open-pit mine, it has great guiding significance for the subsequent secondary crushing, shovel loading, transportation and other processes to obtain the large ore fragmentations of the blasting pile, which also plays an important role in improving the efficiency and economic benefits of the mine. In this paper, a large ore detection and measurement model LODM based on Mask R-CNN is proposed. After training on our MPBRD1.0 dataset, we compare the detection results with traditional image segmentation algorithms: the K-means clustering algorithm, Canny edge detection algorithm, watershed algorithm and ore image segmentation algorithm based on the U-Net network, which proves that the detection results of the LODM model are more in line with the actual situation. To improve the detection ability of the LODM model, we propose a ResNet34 feature extraction network as the backbone and train ResNet50, ResNet101 and VGG16 at the same time. The results show that the performance of the LODM model can be optimized by using the ResNet34 feature extraction network.
Electric-field-induced fully compensated ferrimagnetism in experimentally synthesized monolayer MnSe
Owing to their inherent characteristics of zero stray field and terahertz dynamics, two-dimensional (2D) zero-net-magnetization magnets demonstrate the potential for miniaturization, ultradensity, and ultrafast performance. Recently, fully compensated ferrimagnet of 2D zero-net-magnetization magnets has already attracted attention, as it can exhibit global spin-splitting, magneto-optical response, and the anomalous Hall effect [Liu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 116703 (2025)]. Therefore, it is very important to provide experimentally feasible strategies and materials to achieve fully compensated ferrimagnets. Here, we use the experimentally synthesized A-type PT-antiferromagnet [the joint symmetry (PT) of space inversion symmetry (P) and time-reversal symmetry (T)] MnSe as the parent material to induce fully compensated ferrimagnetism through an out-of-plane electric field. This electric field can remove the P symmetry of the lattice, thereby breaking the PT symmetry and inducing spin-splitting. When considering spin–orbital coupling, MnSe with an out-of-plane magnetization can achieve the anomalous valley Hall effect. In addition, we also discuss inducing fully compensated ferromagnetism via Se vacancies and Janus engineering. Our works can promote the further development of 2D fully compensated ferrimagnets both theoretically and experimentally.
Structural flexibility of a recombinant intrinsically disordered LEA protein from Ramonda serbica
Enhanced channel mobility of hexagonal boron nitride/hydrogen-terminated diamond heterojunction field-effect transistor
Hydrogen-terminated diamond field-effect transistors (FETs) using a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) gate insulator were fabricated on a diamond surface with reduced surface roughness in the direction of source/drain electrodes. The diamond surface was prepared on a mesa structure using chemical vapor deposition with a low methane concentration. The hydrogen-terminated surface was laminated with the h-BN gate insulator without air exposure to prevent the adsorption of atmospheric surface acceptors. The hydrogen-terminated diamond FET exhibited a high mobility of ≈1000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature. We performed theoretical analysis on the temperature and carrier density dependences of mobility, which suggested that Coulomb and surface roughness scattering were effectively reduced. The high mobility obtained in this study indicates the high potential of diamond as a semiconducting material. This study can contribute to the future development of diamond devices.
SKP2 regulates TERT independently of RUNX1/ETO in AML subtypes lacking the t(8,21) translocation via CDKN1B and RB phosphorylation states
The impact of laser and growth rate on trap formation in conventional and laser-assisted MOCVD GaN
A systematic deep-level transient and optical spectroscopy study indicated the relationship between trap concentrations and the growth rate of metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) GaN. The EC-0.57, EC-0.72, and EC-0.9 eV traps were generally insensitive to the growth rate, while the C-related EC-1.35 and EC-3.28 eV traps and the VGa- and/or C-related EC-2.6 eV trap increased monotonically over the growth rate. The C/VGa-related traps are also responsible for the doping compensation in high-growth-rate MOCVD GaN. The laser-assisted MOCVD displayed potential in suppressing trap formation without sacrificing the high growth rate, paving the way for future thick vertical GaN applications.