Browse Articles

Selective Chemo‐Divergent Hydrogenation of Ethylene Carbonate Enabled by Multi‐Functional Poly(Ionic Liquids)‐Stabilized Ru Nanoparticles

Abstract Cyclic carbonates, in particular ethylene carbonate (EC), are pivotal compounds across chemical sciences because of their unique properties. Although, their transformation into valuable products has attracted great attention, efficient and selective transformations remain challenging. In this work, we report a catalytic system composed of Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) stabilized by poly(ionic liquids) (Ru@PIL), that enables the selective chemo‐divergent hydrogenation of EC into either EtOH and CO 2 or EG and CH 4 , under solvent‐free conditions. Those transformations relied on the multi‐task ability of poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), which provides efficient electro‐steric protection of the NPs, good solubility in neat carbonates, and organocatalytic activity depending on the nature of the PIL counter‐anions. Hence, PIL incorporating nucleophilic anions, such as I − , triggers the cascade transformation of EC into EtOH via a sequential decarboxylation‐hydrogenation process. Conversely, in the presence of non‐nucleophilic anions, the PIL is catalytically a spectator, yielding to the “direct hydrogenation” of EC by the RuNPs.

An instance segmentation network for discharging carbon traces inside oil-immersed transformers with boundary and detail features enhancement

Chiral Co‐Assembled Liquid Crystal Polymer Network Enabled by In‐Situ Photopolymerization for High‐Performance CP‐OLEDs

Abstract Circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLEDs) show great promise for next‐generation display technologies. However, achieving high dissymmetry factors (| g EL |) in circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL) remains a significant challenge. In this study, we construct a novel chiral co‐assembled cholesteric liquid crystal polymer network ( ChLC‐PN ) as an emitting layer (EML) to enhance CP‐EL via a facile in situ photopolymerization strategy. The ChLC‐PN was fabricated by UV‐induced polymerization (365 nm, 200 mW cm − 2 , 2 min, N₂ atmosphere) of a chiral co‐assembly system comprising liquid crystal monomer ( LCM ) and chiral inducers ( R / S ‐Cz ). Notably, the resulting ( R / S ‐Cz) 0.01 ‐(LCP) 0.99 based devices demonstrate sky‐blue CP‐EL with a maximum | g EL | value of 0.012. This work presents the first report of high‐performance CP‐OLEDs utilizing a chiral co‐assembled cholesteric liquid crystal rigid polymer network, offering a promising platform for simple, stable, and scalable fabrication of future CP‐OLED devices.

Fibro predict a machine learning risk score for advanced liver fibrosis in the general population using Israeli electronic health records

Access to Chiral Cyclic β‐Enaminones via Enantioselective Imine Condensation

Abstract We report herein an unprecedented catalytic enantioselective synthesis of cyclic β‐enaminones from simple meso‐1,3‐diketones via chiral phosphoric acid‐catalyzed desymmetrization through imine condensation. This transformation provides efficient access to a broad array of cyclic β‐enaminones and acridinones bearing a remote β‐stereogenic center, delivering products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities under mild conditions with a straightforward protocol. Furthermore, the resulting β‐enaminones can undergo one‐step derivatizations to furnish diverse enantioenriched carbo‐ and heterocycles, highlighting their high potential for applications in medicinal chemistry.

The therapeutic effect of Qishen Huoxue Granule on myocardial injury in sepsis rats and its underlying mechanism via suppressing excessive autophagy

Synthesis and Reactivity of a Mono‐Coordinated Triplet Bismuthinidene

Abstract The triplet bismuthinidene Ar*Bi ( 4 ) stabilized by a very bulky septiphenyl ligand (Ar* = 3,5‐ i ‐Pr 2 ‐2,6‐(2,6‐Me 2 ‐3,5‐(2,6‐ i ‐Pr 2 C 6 H 3 ) 2 –C 6 H)–C 6 H) was synthesized by dehydrogenation of in situ formed bismuth dihydride Ar*BiH 2 ( 3 ). Oxidative addition reactions of 4 with alkyl halides (MeI, EtBr, i ‐PrBr) yielded bismuthanes Ar*Bi(Me)I ( 5 ), Ar*Bi(Et)Br ( 6 ), and Ar*Bi( i ‐Pr)Br ( 7 ), which reacted with LiAlH 4 and LiAlD 4 to the thermally robust bismuth monohydrides Ar*Bi(R)H (R = Me 8 , Et 10 , i ‐Pr 12 ) and monodeuterides Ar*Bi(R)D (R = Me 9 , Et 11 , i ‐Pr 13 ). Ar*Bi(NMe 2 ) 2 1 and Ar*BiH 2 3 were characterized in situ by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and sc‐XRD ( 1 ), whereas the other compounds were characterized by heteronuclear NMR ( 1 H/ 2 H (D), 13 C) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis ( Ar*‐2 , Ar*‐3 , Ar*‐5 , Ar*‐7 , Ar*I , Ar*H , 2 , 4 − 7 ), as well as by UV–vis ( 4 ) and sc‐XRD ( Ar*‐7 , Ar*I , Ar*Li·Li t ‐Bu , Ar*H , 1 , 2 , 4 , 12 ). Quantum chemical calculations revealed the triplet character of the bismuthinidine 4 .

Interspecific competition with the American Xanthium orientale L. as a possible cause of the decline of the Old-World X. strumarium L.

Abstract Xanthium is represented in Europe by three species complexes: X. strumarium L., X. orientale L., and X. spinosum L. The former two complexes are similar, in both morphology and ecological requirements. Xanthium strumarium is native to the Old World, whereas X. orientale originates from America and was accidentally introduced into Europe about two centuries ago. Since then, it has colonized the whole continent, while the native congener has become increasingly rare. Over two years, we conducted competition experiments to assess the impact of the introduced X. orientale on the fitness of the native X. strumarium . Germination time, dry biomass, number of burs (pistillate flower heads) and bur biomass were measured as proxies of fitness. Xanthium strumarium was grown alone (control), together with conspecifics (intraspecific competition) or with X. orientale plants (interspecific competition). We also evaluated the allelopathic effect of X. orientale over X. strumarium , by watering Xanthium seedlings with exudate of X. orientale dry leaves. Growth and reproductive traits of X. strumarium were significantly lower in individuals growing in proximity of X. orientale compared to the control, whereas intraspecific competition has a lower but still significant effect. Xanthium orientale, although, germinates and grows faster than the Old-World congener, and under interspecific competition regime, X. strumarium produces significantly lower biomass, number of burs and bur biomass. Watering with exudates negatively influences the germination and the growth of the two species. We therefore believe that interspecific competition of the introduced congener may be one of the causes explaining the drastic decline of X. strumarium populations in Europe in the past century.

Publisher Correction: Analysis of yield stability and genotype–environment interaction for open-pollinated tomato varieties in the Kashmir Himalaya using the AMMI model

Versatile Halide‐Pair‐Driven Multicomponent Polymerization for Library Synthesis of Sequence‐Controlled Semiconducting Dendronized Polymers

Abstract Sequence‐controlled semiconducting polymers represent a new frontier in organic electronics, where precise molecular sequence directly dictates device performance. However, achieving both high sequence fidelity and structural diversity remains a significant challenge using conventional synthetic protocols. To address this issue, we introduce a versatile halide‐pair‐driven multicomponent polymerization (MCP) strategy that enables the library synthesis of sequence‐controlled semiconducting poly(triarylamine)s (PTAAs). By optimizing halide pairing in conjunction with a rationally designed Buchwald ligand–Pd system featuring catalyst‐transfer capability, we achieved efficient sequential cascade aminations, thereby enabling the MCP. The versatility of this strategy was demonstrated through the synthesis of a library of sequence‐controlled PTAAs, including dendronized variants, underscoring its potential as a general platform for functional semiconducting material discovery.

Catalytic epoxidation of linoleic acid derived corn oil via in situ performic acid mechanism

Molecular Engineering of Plant Polyphenols Into Amorphous Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials

Abstract Room‐temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have potential applications in optoelectronics and bioimaging but encounter significant challenges. Traditional heavy‐metal‐based and crystalline systems are often toxic and environmentally sensitive, while strategies involving host–guest doping and encapsulation frequently suffer from phase separation and limited controllability—ultimately resulting in poor repeatability and restricted applications. Here, we developed a novel polyphenol‐mediated molecular splicing and ring‐locking strategy to incorporate benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BZT) into polyphenol molecules, yielding a range of eco‐friendly and processable amorphous single‐component systems with a lifetime of up to 124 ms. Experimental and calculational analyses confirm that phosphorescence arises from synergistic interactions between polyphenol and BZT. Furthermore, phosphorescent nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via nanoprecipitation in tetrahydrofuran with 30% water content. These well‐dispersed, metal‐free NPs demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity, facilitating time‐resolved luminescence imaging with minimal background fluorescence interference both in vitro and in vivo. This research establishes a versatile and sustainable design strategy for developing high‐performance amorphous RTP materials using plant polyphenols, offering promising prospects for advanced biomedical applications.

Scheduling allocation in 5G slicing networks utilizing weighted exponential and logarithmic functions to improve QoS

Abstract Offering media-rich services, such as streaming videos, for emergency services requires compliance with reliability standards. The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) networks enables a wide range of services and applications with diverse Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Supporting heterogeneous performance and migrating vital services to 5G networks pose significant challenges for emergency service providers in maintaining QoS. To address this, schedulers allocate resources to various traffic types in a QoS- and channel state-aware manner. The exponential function scheduling method (EXP RULE) is a well-established approach; however, it requires optimization to reduce packet loss rate and latency. This study proposes the Hybrid Weighted Exponential and Logarithmic Rule (HWEL RULE), which enhances EXP RULE by integrating weighted logarithmic functions to improve QoS metrics in 5G slicing networks. Operating within a Fog Radio Access Network (F-RAN) framework with Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), HWEL RULE dynamically allocates Baseband Unit (BBU) resources to Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), and Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC). Using LTE-Sim simulations, HWEL RULE demonstrates up to a 30.06% reduction in packet loss rate, 21% lower latency for video traffic, 23.5% lower latency for VoIP, 8.6% higher throughput, and 1.2% improved fairness compared to EXP RULE. This incremental enhancement ensures compatibility with existing 5G architectures while significantly improving real-time traffic performance.

A Robust Nickel‐Interlocked π‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework Catalyst for Photocatalytic Aromatic Finkelstein and Retro‐Finkelstein Reactions

Abstract Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as a versatile class of hosts for heterogeneous photocatalysis. Herein, we present a nickel‐decorated pyrene‐ and bipyridine‐based olefin‐linked COF ( Ni@COF1 ) as a robust and recyclable catalyst for visible‐light‐driven aromatic Finkelstein and retro‐Finkelstein reactions. The extended π‐conjugation within the COF framework enhances light absorption, promotes charge transport, and facilitates in situ Ni(0) generation from the pre‐installed Ni(II) centers. Compared to its reduced counterpart ( Ni@COF1R ), Ni@COF1 exhibits remarkable catalytic performance. The methodology enables selective halide exchange, broad functional group compatibility, and late‐stage diversification of eight bioactive molecules and nine pharmaceutical motifs. Furthermore, a gram‐scale reaction with batch and continuous flow conditions underscores its scalability and synthetic utility. The catalyst is robust and recycled five times without any loss of catalytic activity, reaching a total turnover number >850. These results highlight the significance of olefin‐linked COFs in advancing sustainable photocatalysis and expanding their role in fine chemical synthesis.

Sub‐1 nm CuO‐Phosphomolybdic Acid Nanosheets for Ultrasound‐Controlled Pyroptosis Activation and Tumor Immunotherapy

Abstract Inducing pyroptosis effectively transforms immunosuppressive “cold tumors” into immunogenic “hot tumors” to enhance tumor immunotherapy. However, uncontrolled pyroptosis activation risks systemic inflammation and tumor metastasis. In this study, we used a solvothermal method to synthesize a sub‐1 nm copper oxide‐phosphomolybdic acid nanosheet (CuO‐PMA) for ultrasound (US)‐controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to induce pyroptosis. Owing to the narrow bandgap of CuO‐PMA, the electron holes are rapidly separated under US irradiation, then quickly migrate through the sub‐nanosheet structure to the surface to catalyze the formation of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide anions (•O₂⁻), while simultaneously consuming glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, leveraging electron delocalization properties, US triggered the directional migration of electrons in CuO‐PMA, facilitating the Cu(II)‐to‐Cu(I) transition to enhance hydroxyl radical (•OH) production. The ROS burst together with ions and h + ‐mediated GSH exhaustion synergistically provokes mitochondrial oxidative stress, activating the caspase‐1/GSDMD axis to induce pyroptosis. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CuO‐PMA significantly inhibited tumor growth and showed excellent antitumor immunotherapeutic effects. This sub‐nanosheet amplifies ROS generation in response to the electronic delocalization characteristics of the US, which provides a new strategy for the ultrasound‐controlled pyroptosis activation (sonopyroptosis) and tumor immunotherapy.

The impact of the ratio of renal parenchyma to renal volume on stone-free rates after RIRS: a retrospective study

Spinel‐Layered Heterostructure Enables Reversible Oxygen Redox in Lithium Manganese Oxide

Abstract Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxides (LRMOs) have emerged as promising cathode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), primarily due to their exceptional capacity originating from oxygen redox chemistry. Although Li 2 MnO 3 (LMO) has been conventionally identified as the oxygen redox‐active component in LRMOs, this layered material shows neither bulk redox activity nor reversible anion redox behavior in the absence of other transition metals (e.g., Ni and Co). Herein, we report a structural‐engineered lithium manganese oxide with spinel‐layered heterostructures (designated as LMO‐SH), which exhibits reversible oxygen redox activities between lattice oxygen (O 2− ) and molecular oxygen (O 2 ) – the first documented instance of such redox behavior in a manganese‐based material. Through combining experimental characterization and theoretical modeling, we establish that the interfacial architecture between the spinel and layered phases facilitates the Li + diffusion kinetics while simultaneously activating bulk oxygen redox processes. This mechanistic understanding not only advances fundamental knowledge of redox chemistry in LMO‐based materials but also establishes new design principles for developing high‐capacity cathodes through strategic phase engineering.

Repeated laparoscopic Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy techniques and pitfalls to watch out with video

Molecular Rotors as Reactivity Probes: Predicting Electrophilicity from the Speed of Rotation

Abstract A new empirical electrophilicity reactivity parameter, E RB , was developed based on the rotational barriers of a series of N ‐phenylimide molecular rotors containing various electrophilic groups. In the bond rotation transition state, these electrophilic groups form close contact with an electronegative C═O oxygen. Thus, strong electrophilic groups significantly lowered the rotational barrier. As a result, the rotational barriers were inversely correlated with the strengths of the electrophiles. The rotational barriers were measured by dynamic NMR (EXSY), enabling the quantification across a wide range of types of electrophiles. Computational analysis confirmed that the observed variations arose from intramolecular interactions in the transition state, where the C═O oxygen served as a probe of both the electrophilic group's electrostatic potential and steric accessibility. By simultaneously capturing attractive and repulsive transition state interactions, E RB provides an effective means of predicting electrophilicity and reactivity trends across a broad range of electrophiles and reaction types. The utility of E RB was initially validated using a series of rotors containing Michael addition electrophiles, followed by broader application to a diverse array of reactions involving sp 3 and sp 2 electrophiles, including S N 2, S N Ar, Pd‐oxidative addition, and Sonogashira reactions.

A Multistate Adaptive System of Topologically Distinct Chiral Assemblies

Abstract Biological systems exemplify the extraordinary adaptability of living organisms to their surroundings, demonstrating the capacity to reconfigure their structure, properties, and function in response to specific environmental signals. In this context, the exploration of multistate chemical systems designed to mimic natural counterparts, with the capacity to precisely tailor the structural outcome of an assembly and perform a specific function in response to external triggers, remains largely unexplored. Herein, we present a multistate adaptive system of topologically distinct chiral assemblies obtained from a single amino acid‐derived naphthalene diimide component and demonstrate its trigger‐responsive properties. Our system yields five distinct supramolecular assemblies across both solution and solid states, achieved by modulation of external factors such as temperature, solvent, concentration, and guest molecules. The work demonstrates the remarkable adaptability of the non‐covalent assemblies, revealing their profound sensitivity to external triggers, emphasizing the role of enthalpy and entropy in navigating across complex assembly pathways to and between individual outcomes.