Browse Articles

Measurement of sludge-water interface based on adjustable peak point of ultrasonic echo energy

To address the escalating water resources consumption, the need for intelligent automation in urban sewage treatment has become imperative. However, existing ultrasonic sludge interface instruments have been found to exhibit poor environmental noise suppression and low identification accuracy of mud-water interface, thereby necessitating a new approach. This paper analyzes the problems and proposes a mud-water interface monitoring method based on extraction of ultrasonic energy peak point. The method involves an array ultrasonic system structure comprising multiple ultrasonic transmitting and receiving elements, median value average filtering to suppress peak noise interference, and interval maximum method to separate the target peak point from residual noise. The proposed method was tested using a high-precision ultrasonic probe in Beijing Ma-Fang Sewage Treatment Plant and corrected using a fault diagnosis method with 3σ threshold. Results demonstrated a high measurement accuracy with a mean deviation of less than 2% and a precision variance below ±0.02 m. Compared to conventional ultrasonic and optical methods, this approach exhibited superior robustness in turbid environments, fully meeting the technical requirements of sludge thickness monitoring.

‘Good design takes mastery’: scientific illustrators sketch out AI’s future

Direct Modeling of the Interfacial Resistance in All‐Solid‐State Battery

ABSTRACT Interfacial reconstruction and its associated high resistance govern the performance of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs). However, indirectly inferring interfacial potentials from bulk band alignments masks the true solid–solid electrochemistry, causing orders‐of‐magnitude discrepancies in predicting space‐charge layer (SCL) resistances and impeding interface screening. Herein, by traversing 310 distinct interfaces from ∼29,000 literatures, we develop a non‐empirical numerical procedure that directly maps lithium‑ion redistribution to interfacial resistance by integrating ligand‑field theory with the SCL model. Considering electric potential differences and intrinsic carrier properties during interfacial reconstruction via a modified ligand‐field splitting strength (MLFSS) descriptor yields unprecedented bridging between modeling and measurement, reducing predicted resistance discrepancies from over ten orders of magnitude to within two. On this basis, we resolve the highly system‐dependent controversy over oxide interfacial resistances by identifying extreme MLFSS disparities (>3.5 eV) as the decisive factor, while emphasizing ion‑intercalation sulfides (<0.2 eV) as cathodes for their intrinsic SCL suppression. The predictive capability of this tunable criterion is validated in an all‐sulfide V 0.5 Cr 1.5 S 4 /Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 /75% Li 2 S‐24% P 2 S 5 –1% P 2 O 5 /Li prototype. The resulting ultralow interfacial resistance of 8.8 Ω cm 2 ensures superior cycling stability at an active‐material energy density of 562 Wh kg −1 , establishing a practical paradigm for breaking the energy and kinetics trade‐off in ASSBs.

The anxious society’s fertility problem: The promoting effect of physical exercise on mental health—An empirical analysis using CGSS data

The declining willingness to have children is significantly influenced by underlying psychological constraints that cannot be ignored. Providing psychological health support and interventions for the reproductive-age population is crucial for enhancing fertility intentions. Based on data from the 2021 China General Social Survey, this research explores the association between the psychological benefits of physical exercise on individuals’ willingness to bear children. The results indicate a positive correlation between engagement in physical exercise and individual fertility intentions. Specifically, a one-unit higher in level of physical exercise is associated with a 0.099-unit higher level of fertility willingness. Mechanistically, participation in physical exercise is associated with psychological well-being ( β  = 0.0133, P  < 0.001) and social engagement( β  = 0.011, P  < 0.001),these factors are, in turn, associated with higher fertility intentions. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive association between physical exercise and fertility intentions is more pronounced among single individuals with higher educational attainment and income levels (β = 0.092, β = 0.109, β = 0.095; P < 0.001), suggesting potential implications for addressing the “fertility-income paradox.”.

Celebrating Nature’s covers — past, present and future

Decoupled Catalysis in Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries: Directed Oxygen‐Species Spillover Between Dual Single‐Atoms to Circumvent Linear Scaling Limit

ABSTRACT Oxygen species spillover across sites in heterogeneous catalysis is a core strategy for reconfiguring reaction pathways and overcoming the theoretical limits of the Sabatier volcano plot. The key lies in achieving thermodynamic decoupling and kinetic synergy in multi‐step reactions. Based on Hard‐Soft Acid‐Base (HSAB) theory, this study constructs a series of Co‐based Ln (Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) dual single‐atom catalytic systems (CoLn‐DAC) through selective coordination design, serving as model platforms to decouple the fundamental electron‐transfer steps in electrochemical reactions. Directional oxygen species spillover is captured at the dual‐single‐atom scale: oxygen‐philic Ln sites activate O 2 and sequester LiO 2 , followed by dynamic lithiation and recombination within accessible migration channels engineered by energy gradients, ultimately localizing at sub‐central Co sites for further decomposition and desorption. Through oxygen‐shuttling‐mediated decoupling of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a spatially tandem closed‐loop catalytic pathway is realized, fundamentally bypassing traditional scaling relationships. Theoretical calculations and experimental results confirm CoGd‐DAC as the optimal catalyst with exceptional overall catalytic performance. This work proposes a dynamic cascade catalytic design strategy that extends remote active‐site functionality and transcends traditional catalyst‐design dimensional constraints.

Biodiversity of Eucalyptus endophytic fungi across different climates in Iran

Endophytic fungi are crucial for plant health, but the relative importance of climate versus host factors in shaping their communities is not fully understood. This study investigates the hypothesis that macro-climate is one of the primary drivers of endophytic fungal diversity and composition in Eucalyptus camaldulensis across different regions in Iran. A total of 712 fungal isolates were isolated from leaves, branches, and fruits across five provinces (Alborz, Isfahan, Mazandaran, Qom, and Tehran) spanning arid to humid climates. Cultivation and morphological/molecular identification revealed a clear diversity gradient, with the highest species richness, Shannon diversity, and colonization frequency in the humid province of Mazandaran, and the lowest in the semi-arid and arid provinces of Alborz and Qom, respectively. Community composition shifted significantly along this climatic gradient: arid sites were dominated by stress-tolerant generalists (e.g., Alternaria ), while the humid site supported a balanced community of specialists (e.g., Neofusicoccum ). Across all climates, tissue type was a consistent secondary filter, with leaves harboring the most diverse communities, followed by branches and fruits. These results demonstrate a hierarchical assembly where climate filters the regional species pool, and host tissue type then fine-tunes the local community. This study provides the first comprehensive baseline of E. camaldulensis endophytes in Iran and highlights the vulnerability of these symbiotic systems to climate change, while also identifying them as a valuable resource for biotechnology.

Multi‐Wavelength Upconversion Lasers Based on Coordination Polymer Glass Incorporating Lanthanide‐Doped Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Upconversion microlasers hold great promise for next‐generation photonic devices. Most current designs rely on coating or incorporating lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles into dielectric microcavities, typically based on polymers or oxide glass platforms. However, polymers generally exhibit limited thermal stability, oxide glasses require relatively high processing temperatures, and coated structures often introduce interfacial scattering losses, degrading lasing efficiency and stability. Here, we report a coordination polymer (CP) ZnCl 2 (bIm) 2 (bIm = C 7 H 6 N 2 ) glass as a low‐temperature‐processable host that enables uniform and nondestructive incorporation of upconversion nanocrystals via strong interfacial wettability, forming an energy barrier (2.52 × 10 3 zJ) that preserves efficient luminescence, maintains high‐ Q characteristics, and supports ultrasmooth microcavity fabrication. To our knowledge, this work highlights the feasibility of multiwavelength upconversion lasing in transparent ZnCl 2 (bIm) 2 composite glass micro‐bottles embedded with NaYF 4 @NaYbF 4 : 1%Tm 3+ @NaYF 4 nanoparticles. Under continuous‐wave 980 nm pumping, efficient lasing from the visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) region is achieved, featuring an ultra‐low threshold of 140 nW for the Tm 3+ : 3 H 4 → 3 H 6 transition. Upconversion lasing is also generated in Er 3+ and Ho 3+ ‐activated composite glass micro‐bottles, highlighting the universality of this strategy. These findings establish a versatile platform for engineering lanthanide‐based microlasers, paving the way toward compact, multifunctional photonic devices for next‐generation optical technologies.

Identifying academic success and underperformance: The discriminative power of very short answer questions and multiple-choice questions

Background Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in medical education, but are criticized for cueing and guessing. Very short answer questions (VSAQs), which require students to generate responses independently, may better assess knowledge. While VSAQs demonstrate higher item discrimination within individual exams, their effectiveness in distinguishing academic performance across multiple assessments remains unclear – representing a key gap in the validation of VSAQs under Messick’s framework, specifically the category of “ relations to other variables ”. This study examines whether VSAQs or MCQs more effectively distinguish students of varying performance levels across multiple summative examinations. Methods We analyzed retrospective data from six mixed-format examinations with VSAQs and MCQs of three cohorts of first- and second-year medical students. Academic performance was measured using grade point average (GPA) across assessments. Linear regression assessed the relationship of each question format with GPA, while ROC curves and C-statistics evaluated their ability to identify poor and excellent performing students (lowest and highest quintile of GPA). Results VSAQs showed higher item discrimination (R ir -values) than MCQs in all exams. VSAQs also had a stronger positive association with GPA compared to MCQs, and higher C-statistics, indicating superior discriminative ability. Conclusion VSAQs outperform MCQs in distinguishing academic performance levels across multiple assessments. Their integration into examinations enhances discriminative ability and may facilitate earlier identification of poor and excellent performing students, enabling targeted interventions and support of students.

Construction of Multiply Bridged Coordination Framework via a Cluster‐Ligand Strategy

ABSTRACT In the context of reticular chemistry, linking secondary building units (SBUs) through multiple bridging modes could enhance structural robustness and facilitate the development of versatile frameworks. However, the deliberate synthesis of coordination frameworks by these multiply bridged SBUs remains challenging, as the component SBUs are typically generated in situ during framework assembly. Here, we report facile synthesis of a multiply bridged coordination framework via a cluster‐ligand strategy, where pre‐functionalized metal nanoclusters (NCs) with high‐density coordination sites are used as multi‐bridging linkers to transition metal cluster nodes. Specifically, a predesigned [Au 25 ( p ‐MBA) 18 ] −1 ( p ‐MBA = p ‐mercaptobenzoic acid) NC, featuring peripherally decorated 18 carboxyl groups in a self‐adjustable and environmentally adaptive configuration, functions as both SBUs and highly coordinated linkers. This highly coordinated [Au 25 ( p ‐MBA) 18 ] −1 assembles into a (4,8)‐connected rhombic dodecahedral framework (Au 25 ‐Zn 5 ) through doubly and triply bridging to Zn 5 clusters. The ordered co‐assembly enhances the near‐infrared (NIR) emission of [Au 25 ( p ‐MBA) 18 ] −1 and yields supercrystals suitable for x‐ray crystallography analysis, providing a good means to resolve the structural and luminescence enhancement mechanism of water‐soluble metal NCs. Leveraging the enhanced NIR emission and improved structural stability assured by the multiple bridging modes, Au 25 ‐Zn 5 could serve as a versatile and leak‐free NIR‐emissive coating for real‐time image‐guided tumor surgery.

Insomnia and psychological disintegration: Evidence from a transdiagnostic network analysis

Insomnia is commonly conceptualized in terms of hyperarousal or symptom amplification; however, less attention has been paid to the structural organization and integration of psychological processes underlying sleep disturbance. This study examined whether insomnia is associated with reduced integration among psychological domains rather than elevated symptom activation alone. A comparative network analysis was conducted on 27 transdiagnostic psychological markers in a sample of 391 Iranian university students (169 poor sleepers, 222 good sleepers). Gaussian graphical models were estimated using graphical LASSO regularization with EBIC model selection. Network structure, expected influence, and node predictability were examined, and Network Comparison Tests were used to assess structural and global strength differences between groups. Compared with good sleepers, poor sleepers exhibited markedly sparser network structures, a greater number of isolated nodes, and substantially lower node predictability. No significant differences were observed in global network strength between groups. Several cognitive variables tended to show higher centrality in good sleepers, suggesting context-dependent roles within more integrated psychological systems. These findings indicate that insomnia may be characterized by reduced integration among psychological processes rather than uniformly elevated symptom activation, reflecting a systems-level characteristic of psychological functioning associated with sleep disturbance.

Photoactive Tweezers

ABSTRACT The manipulation of micro/nanoscale objects plays a critical role across a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines. Photoactive colloids, capable of converting low‐intensity light into autonomous motion, present a highly programmable platform for micromanipulation. In this work, we introduce a “photoactive tweezers” system based on visible‐light‐driven, dye‐sensitized TiO 2 particles. These particles exhibit positive phototaxis and are autonomously confined within structured optical fields via a self‐electrophoretic mechanism. Combining experiments and simulations, we reveal that a circular optical trap creates an effective harmonic potential well with tunable stiffness, controlled by the ratio of the particle size to the optical spot size. Using dynamic light patterns, we further showcase the platform's versatility through shape‐tunable confinement, wavelength‐selective trapping, and reconfigurable assembly of colloidal lattices. Moreover, we demonstrate that individual or collective active colloids can function as autonomous manipulators, transporting cargo larger than themselves and driving collaboratively assembled micromachines. This approach establishes a robust, flexible, and accessible strategy for advanced micromanipulation and active matter research.

The current status of health literacy among caregivers of lung cancer patients:A cross-sectional survey

Aim This exploratory, hypothesis-generating study aimed to investigate the current status of cancer health literacy among lung cancer caregivers and to identify factors associated with their health literacy levels. The primary hypothesis was that caregivers would demonstrate sub optimal cancer health literacy. The primary endpoint was the total score on the Chinese Cancer Health Literacy Scale (C-CHLS). Secondary endpoints included scores on the Health Literacy of Caregivers Scale-Cancer (HLCS-C) and the identification of factors associated with caregivers’ health literacy. Background Health literacy, defined as an individual’s ability to acquire, comprehend, and utilize health-related information to make informed decisions for maintaining health, is a critical factor in cancer prevention and treatment. It significantly impacts individual health outcomes.While existing research primarily focuses on cancer patients,there is limited exploration into the health literacy of cancer caregivers, who play a vital role in patient support and care. Design A cross-sectional study. Methods Using convenience sampling, 198 caregivers of lung cancer patients receiving treatment at a tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province, China, from October 2024 to December 2024 were recruited. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire,health literacy of caregivers scale-cancer and Chinese cancer prevention and control literacy questionnaire. Data entry was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0. Results Only 48.48% (n = 96) of caregivers demonstrated adequate health literacy. Multivariable analysis identified seven factors significantly associated with cancer health literacy (all p  < 0.05): younger age (β = 0.187, t = 3.189), higher education level (β = 0.209, t = 2.784), professional occupation (β = 0.169, t = 2.144), better self-rated health (β = 0.186, t = 3.091), non-smoking status (β = 0.175, t = 2.514), non-alcohol consumption (β = 0.163, t = 2.412), and higher perceived cancer risk (β = 0.286, t = 4.274). Conclusion The suboptimal health literacy levels among lung cancer caregivers observed in this sample underscore the potential need for tailored educational interventions. Future programs may consider addressing modifiable factors, particularly focusing on older, less-educated caregivers with health-risk behaviors. These findings provide preliminary evidence for developing targeted strategies to improve caregiver health literacy in similar clinical settings.

In Situ Dynamic Reconstruction Asymmetric P─Co─O/OH Sites for Sustainable Gram‐Level Electrocatalytic Ammonia Production

ABSTRACT The electrochemical conversion of nitrite/nitrate (NO x − ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) offers a sustainable route for NH 3 production, particularly coupled with efficient air plasma. However, balancing catalyst activity/stability for gram‐level NH 3 production remains major challenges. In this study, we report a low‐crystallinity phosphorus‐doped cobalt electrode (P─Co/NF) for efficient and stable NH 3 synthesis via NO 2 − reduction, achieving an impressive NH 3 yield rate of 414.51 mg h −1 cm −2 and outstanding long‐term stability of 1000 h. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the dynamically evolved P─Co/Co(OH) 2 heterostructure with asymmetric P─Co─O/OH active sites simultaneously optimizes NO 2 − activation and water dissociation. The synergistic interplay between P─Co and Co(OH) 2 layer facilitates sufficient *H supply and moderate intermediate adsorption, thereby suppressing H 2 evolution. To enable direct air‐to‐NH 3 conversion, a complete system is established by integrating electrocatalysis with microwave plasma and intermittent solar power, achieving an average NH 3 yield of 1.19 g per day with Faradaic efficiency >90%. When scaled up to a 100 cm 2 flow cell, the system delivers an NH 3 production rate of 4.97 g h −1 . This work provides a paradigm for designing dynamic asymmetric sites that overcome activity‐stability tradeoff under industrial‐level current density, paving the way toward the decentralized and sustainable NH 3 production.

Direct medical costs of respiratory infections in adults: A multicenter retrospective analysis in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam

Background Respiratory infections remain a significant health and economic burden in low- and middle-income countries, including Vietnam. This study aimed to estimate the direct medical costs of respiratory infections among adults in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam and identify some influencing factors. Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed direct medical costs of inpatient aged ≥18 discharged with respiratory infections (ICD-10 codes: J00 – J22) in seven hospitals in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. Records of patients admitted between 11 November 2022 and 30 June 2025 were included. A generalized gamma linear mixed model with log-link function was used to identify influencing factors, including patient demographics and infection-related characteristics. All costs are expressed in US$, adjusted to 2025 levels. Results The analysis included 25,081 inpatients with 28,016 respiratory infection episodes. Most were female (54.3%), Kinh ethnicity (70.0%), and aged ≥60 (58.1%). Pneumonia (J18) was the most common primary diagnosis (58.5%), followed by bacterial pneumonia (J15, 18.7%). Common secondary diagnoses included hypertension (27.1%), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (7.8%), and type 2 diabetes (6.9%). The median total medical cost per inpatient episode was US$174.9 (IQR 104.7–243.3), mainly driven by hospital bed days (median US$83.5), followed by medicine costs (US$52.7), and laboratory tests (US$12.7). Pneumonia was the most expensive disease, with median costs of US$218.8 (J15), US$1,179.4 (J16), and US$181.5 (J18). Primary diagnosis, age, gender, hospital level, length of stay, and additional secondary diagnosis were associated with higher direct medical costs. Conclusion Hospitalized adults with respiratory infections incurred a median direct medical cost of US$174.9 in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. Costs were substantially higher for lower respiratory tract infections and were influenced by hospital level, length of stay, and comorbidities. These findings highlight the need for preventive measures and efficient hospital resource allocation in Vietnam.

A Single OLED With Hybrid Synaptic Plasticity Enabling In Situ Neuromorphic Processing and Visualization

ABSTRACT As the core interface for human–computer interaction, multitask intelligent display systems face increasingly stringent demands regarding precision and functional integration. However, in existing architectures, light‐emitting units only act as passive display terminals. Endowing light‐emitting devices with computing capabilities and realizing computing‐as‐display, thereby reducing transmission overhead and improving display precision, is the key to promoting the further development of this field. Inspired by the human brain, we innovatively report an organic light‐emitting diode featuring both long‐ and short‐term synaptic plasticity and synaptic weight‐driven electroluminescence. By engineering charge‐trapping structures and heterojunction potential wells within a single OLED device, we establish dual‐tier synaptic response output channels for information processing, operating independently on second‐ and millisecond‐level timescales under electrical and optical signal modulation, respectively. Following information processing, the processed results are visualized via a globally driven electroluminescence mechanism enabled by synaptic weight modulation. We introduce the Multi‐Task Display Fidelity index as a universal metric to quantify the cooperative accuracy between processing and display, achieving a value of 90.86%. Furthermore, the processing‐display coupling index of the device surpasses the corresponding index of mainstream CMOS architectures by 67.8%. This work demonstrates the immense potential of hybrid synaptic plasticity OLEDs for multitask intelligent display.

Eligibility to donate blood under an individual donor assessment policy: A national cross-sectional study of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Aotearoa, New Zealand

Background To protect the blood supply, many countries defer higher-risk donors such as men who have had sex with men (MSM) in the last 3 months. However, this may be unnecessarily restrictive and increase non-compliance risks. New Zealand (NZ) has shifted from this approach to individual donor assessment (IDA), but the potential impact is poorly understood. We aimed to estimate the increase in blood donor eligibility and examine the characteristics of newly eligible MSM. Methods We used data from SPOTS, a large national cross-sectional online survey of MSM. Items included socio-demographics, blood donation history, views and preferences about blood donation, sexual behaviours and drug use. We described blood donation engagement and estimated the proportion eligible to donate blood under three scenarios (previous NZ policy; UK-style: IDA with chemsex deferral; Canada-style; IDA without chemsex deferral). We then examined the characteristics of potentially newly eligible MSM donors. Results Of the 3,235 participants, 43.1% had ever donated blood, 82.0% were interested in donating, 86.1% preferred an IDA-style policy, and 80.6% intended to donate, should they become eligible. We estimated 13% were eligible to donate under the previous NZ policy, rising to 37% under a UK-style IDA, and 41% under NZ’s new IDA policy. In NZ’s new IDA policy, 30% of currently ineligible participants will become eligible. Compared to participants currently eligible, newly eligible MSM were more likely to be aged 30–44 (OR 1.8, 1.4–2.4), tertiary educated (OR 1.4, 1.1–1.8), spend a lot of their free time with gay men (OR 4.3, 3.2–5.9), and identify as gay only (OR 2.5, 1.96–3.2). As expected, a high proportion of newly eligible MSM were in a regular same-sex relationship. Conclusions NZ could triple eligible MSM donors with its new IDA policy. Findings from this research are relevant internationally as blood services plan IDA implementation.

Intramolecular Polarization‐Mediated Solvation and Interphase Engineering for Low‐Temperature High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

ABSTRACT Simultaneously achieving stable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) under cryogenic and high‐voltage conditions remains a fundamental challenge due to uncontrolled interfacial chemistry at lithium anodes and nickel‐rich cathodes. Here, we report an intramolecular polarization strategy that jointly regulates Li + solvation dynamics, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) stress dissipation. An intramolecularly polarized electrolyte featuring orthogonally arranged electron donor–acceptor moieties with a dipole moment (∼4.2 D) establishes a potential–dependent solvation screening effect, reducing Li + desolvation energy to 38.1 kJ mol −1 , while enabling anodic stability beyond 5.3 V. The tailored solvation chemistry induces spontaneous formation of dual–gradient interphases composed of a LiF–rich SEI and a boroxane–incorporated CEI with an interface modulus ∼20 nN. Consequently, Li||Li symmetric cells exhibit stable cycling over 16 000 h with a minimal polarization of 8.3 mV. Full cells employing LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 cathodes retain 90% capacity after 1000 cycles at 4.5 V and maintain 80% at 4.9 V. 3 Ah pouch cells achieve a high energy density of 509 Wh kg −1 at 30°C with 96.8% capacity retention after 80 cycles, while delivering 439.1 Wh kg −1 at −30°C. This work establishes a molecular polarization paradigm for electrolyte and interphase engineering toward high–energy–density LMBs under extreme conditions.

Cognitive flexibility, impulsivity, and compulsivity in problematic consumption behaviours

Different studies have identified cognitive inflexibility, impulsivity and compulsivity in substance use and gambling disorder, but it is unclear whether these deficits are present in other possible addictive behaviours. In this study, we evaluated cognitive inflexibility, as measured by the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT), impulsivity across UPPS-P model and the compulsivity in regular gamblers, buyers, video gamers, consumers of pornography and control group. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the five groups, revealing higher scores across several impulsivity and compulsivity domains in the buyers group compared to the other groups. On the overall measure of cognitive flexibility using the PRLT, buyers performed worse than gamers and pornography users, suggesting a relative disadvantage in adapting to changing reward contingencies even before trial-level learning patterns were examined. To further evaluate patterns of cognitive flexibility across groups, a GLME model was developed. The results showed that phase-group interactions were generally weak, and none of the contrasts related to reversal differed between groups. This indicates that the cost of adapting to contingency reversals was similar across all five groups, with no evidence that any particular group would exhibit greater inflexibility during reversal phases. Finally, the findings show that impulsivity and compulsivity can manifest themselves differently in these activities, which has implications for the development of more personalised intervention strategies that take into account both the nature of the disorder and the specific cognitive deficits involved.

A Non‐Equilibrium Flame Aerosol Process to Create High‐Entropy MOFs

ABSTRACT High‐entropy alloys and ceramics have demonstrated promising applications in the past decade. Ultrafast heating and cooling can kinetically trap immiscible elements into solid solutions, expanding the compositional space and optimizing the properties of high‐entropy materials. However, the extreme temperatures required by these non‐equilibrium methods are incompatible with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). This work presents a flame aerosol strategy for synthesizing compositionally complex, entropically stabilized MOFs, enabling new combinations of properties previously inaccessible in this class of materials. Using the HKUST structure as a prototype, this methodology is extended to a wide array of both crystalline and amorphous MOFs, and then to a 10‐element MOF that incorporates transition metals, rare‐earth metals, alkaline‐earth metals, p‐block metals, and noble metals. This strategy can be further applied to inorganic coordination polymers. This study reveals that kinetics and entropy collectively drive structural short‐range periodicity and configurational disorder in the framework, which in turn influence crystallinity, pore architecture, defect density, homogeneity, and electrochemical properties. This work expands the compositional design space for MOFs and offers new opportunities for their fundamental study and practical application.