Browse Articles

Emotion regulation variability and flexibility in daily life show distinct associations with well-being, age, and executive functions

Abstract Flexible and effective emotion regulation (ER) is crucial for mental health and well-being. Research on individual differences in ER, however, has often relied on global self-reports or controlled laboratory settings, which may not fully capture the dynamic and context-dependent nature of regulation in daily life. To address this, we examined how ER variability and flexibility in real-world contexts relate to executive functions (EF), affective well-being, and age in a general population sample ( N  = 161, aged 14–78). EF performance was assessed using six online cognitive tasks, while ER variability and flexibility were assessed using a 14-day ambulatory assessment of daily emotional experiences. As expected, EF performance declined with increasing age across shifting, inhibition, and updating domains. Beyond these age-related differences in cognitive performance, older age was robustly associated with lower within- and between-strategy ER variability. In contrast, ER flexibility remained relatively stable across adulthood. Individual differences in EF were not associated with everyday ER variability, suggesting that cognitive control capacity does not account for regulatory dispersion in daily life. For affective well-being, ER flexibility showed specific, nonlinear associations: within-strategy flexibility based on situational valence and social context demonstrated U-shaped relations with unpleasant mood, suggesting that both low and high context sensitivity may be linked to elevated negative affect. In contrast, flexibility indices were unrelated to between-strategy variability or depressive symptoms. Overall, these findings indicate that adaptive ER cannot be reduced to greater executive control capacity, greater variability, or greater flexibility per se. Instead, they underscore the importance of distinguishing variability from flexibility and highlight that the adaptiveness of ER may depend more on the appropriateness of strategy–context matches than on general patterns of strategy use.

Pre‐Cluster Controlled Assembly of Oriented Mesopores in MOF Crystals

ABSTRACT Directional alignment of mesoporous channels in anisotropic crystals defines an unexplored paradigm, unlocking host‐guest interactions, mass transport, and catalytic functions. Here, we report an in situ pre‐cluster‐controlled assembly strategy to construct hierarchically mesostructured MIL‐53(Al) (HMMIL‐53(Al)) with oriented mesopores precisely matched to crystallographic anisotropy. Pre‐assembly of Al chain clusters lowers the nucleation barrier and guides the crystal growth around the micelles, yielding mesopore walls oriented along the [100] crystallographic axis of MIL‐53(Al). Such orientation exposes adjacent Al‐OH sites spaced by approximately 3.4 Å apart on the inner walls of the mesoporous channels, forming bimetallic active centers. Furthermore, the oriented mesopores allow for continuous tuning of their pore size, and can be integrated into diverse hierarchical architectures, forming ultrathin 2D mesoporous nanosheets (NSs), dendritic dual‐mesoporous spheres, and mesoporous nanoparticles. The orderly arrangement of Al‐OH active sites displays spatial configurations and chemical environments that closely resemble those of the bimetallic catalytic centers in natural nuclease. Compared with bulk MIL‐53(Al) or ultrathin NSs dominated by the exposure of other crystal facets, HMMIL‐53(Al) exhibits efficient nuclease‐mimetic behavior, competently hydrolyzing DNA phosphodiester bonds and degrading extracellular DNA to achieve long‐lasting inhibition of biofilm formation. Mechanistic studies confirm that DNA cleavage over HMMIL‐53(Al) proceeds via a bimetallic cooperative catalytic pathway, analogous to natural nuclease. Overall, this work not only achieves precise control over mesopore size and unique mesostructure but also introduces a new perspective by coupling mesopore orientation with the crystallographic anisotropy of MOFs, thereby unlocking their capabilities inaccessible to traditional mesoporous architectures.

A hybrid intelligent model that performs product evaluation via semantic mining and optimized decision processing

Surface Oxide Species on Metal Cocatalysts Mediate Pathways in Water‐Oxidation‐Coupled CO ₂ Photoreduction: Insights From Pd

ABSTRACT Photocatalytic overall CO 2 reduction using H 2 O as an electron donor is hindered by sluggish reaction kinetics and poorly defined interfacial pathways. Here, we demonstrate that surface oxide species on metal cocatalysts act as intrinsic mediators of the reaction pathway in water‐oxidation‐coupled CO 2 photoreduction. Taking Pd as a model system, we construct a Pd@PdO x cocatalyst on TiN, in which metal Pd is partially encapsulated by spontaneously formed surface PdO x species. This pre‐formed Pd/PdO x interface establishes a bifunctional reaction landscape that spatially coordinates proton management and CO 2 activation. In situ spectroscopic analyses combined with theoretical calculations reveal that PdO x domains preferentially adsorb and activate CO 2 , while adjacent metal Pd sites function as proton reservoirs derived from water oxidation. Directional proton transfer across the Pd/PdO x interface lowers the barrier for *COOH formation, suppresses the competing H 2 evolution reaction, and promotes selective CO release. Under full‐spectrum irradiation, Pd@PdO x /TiN achieves a CO yield rate of 200 µmol g −1 h −1 with 81% selectivity, substantially outperforming the counterparts dominated by either Pd or PdO x . This study highlights surface oxide species as structural determinants of pathway selection and provides mechanistic insights for engineering metal cocatalysts for efficient and selective CO 2 photoreduction.

Redefining bladder sympathetic Innervation with three-dimensional image reconstruction

Dual‐Cation Batteries via Synergistic Cation‐Sieving Electrodes and Tailored Electrolytes

ABSTRACT This study presents a dual‐cation battery enabled by electrolyte engineering and cation‐sieving electrodes. The design leverages the high capacity, low working potential, and stable cycling performance of Li + intercalation in the graphite anode along with the high discharge voltage, fast kinetics, and low cost of K + storage in the K 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ] cathode. The proposed hybrid electrolyte promotes Li + ‐anion aggregations and preferential decomposition, producing a Li‐dominant solid electrolyte interphase that suppresses K + intercalation at the anode. Simultaneously, it reduces the number of highly coordinated K + , lowers the desolvation barrier, and facilitates charge transfer, thus enhancing the K + insertion kinetics at the cathode. As a result, the designed dual‐cation cell delivers an average discharge voltage of 3.80 V, a specific energy of 336.7 Wh kg −1 (based on total mass of graphite and K 2 Mn[Fe(CN) 6 ]), 72.5% of capacity obtained at 20 C discharge rate, and 80% capacity retention after 1200 cycles at 3 C. This synergistic electrolyte‐electrode strategy not only overcomes key challenges in hybrid‐ion battery design but also establishes a mechanistic framework for designing cost‐effective, high‐performance dual‐cation energy storage systems.

Patient safety practices and associated factors among healthcare providers at South Wollo Zone primary hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia, 2025. A facility-based cross-sectional study

Mechanistic Insights Into Protonation of Imine‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks: The Correlations With Photocatalytic Processes and High‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution

ABSTRACT Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), especially imine‐linked ones, are promising due to facile synthesis, stability, and tunable electronics. In these COFs, imine N acts as a Lewis basic site, exhibiting variable protonation behavior depending on its interaction with protons. Ascorbic acid is commonly used as a sacrificial electron donor in imine‐COF photocatalysis, and its protonation behavior affects hydrogen production. A full understanding of protonation factors and their impact on performance is lacking, hindering optimal design. In this work, we investigated the protonation mechanisms of imine‐linked COFs using model photocatalysts with varying electron‐donating abilities and steric hindrances. In photocatalytic sacrificial hydrogen evolution, we established correlations between protonation behavior and critical photocatalytic process, including light absorption, hydrophilicity, charge separation efficiency, reaction kinetics. Contrary to reports of strong D–A interactions, we found that weak D–A interaction and a planar imine COF (COF–BTT–H) with significant protonation and preserved planarity deliver the highest performance (50.08 mmol g −1 h −1 ). Guided by these insights, we redesigned a new imine‐linked Pt‐loaded COF catalyst, COF–Py–H, achieving 488.48 mmol g −1 h −1 H 2 evolution with ascorbic acid as sacrificial donor and proton source. This protonation‐focused study broadens COF molecular diversity and highlights the importance of protonation in designing imine‐linked COF catalysts.

Patient-independent hybrid generative-discriminative modeling for seizure detection in long-term scalp EEG

A Polyurea‐Crosslinked Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Solvation and Interphase Regulation in Lithium Metal Batteries

ABSTRACT Polyurea (PUR) electrolytes offer molecular tunability, robust mechanics, and strong Li‐salt affinity for lithium metal batteries, but their application is hindered by poor solubility, uncontrolled polymerization, and unstable Li/electrolyte interfaces. Herein, we report two polyurea‐based polymerizable monomers with distinct functionalities, DPN and MPN , and construct flame‐retardant polyurea gel polymer electrolytes ( P‐DPN and P‐MPN ) through an in situ polymerization strategy. This design simultaneously addresses solubility, electrolyte leakage, and interfacial instability. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the carbonyl groups in the urea moieties coordinate with lithium ion (Li + ) to homogenize lithium deposition, while the –NH groups interact with anions to induce weakly solvated Li + structures, thereby accelerating ion transport. Meanwhile, the low HOMO energy level of the polyurea framework promotes the formation of a robust LiF/Li 3 N‐rich inorganic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), effectively suppressing parasitic reactions and dendrite growth. As a result, the Li|| P‐MPN ||Li symmetric cell exhibits stable cycling for over 2300 h, and full cells paired with diverse cathodes (including NCM811, LCO, and LFP) exhibit outstanding cycling stability under high cathode loading and even at −20°C. This work establishes a molecular design strategy for in situ polyurea electrolytes and deepens the understanding of solvation/interphase regulation in high‐performance and safe lithium metal batteries.

Hybrid fusion of E-nose and computer vision using optimized deep learning and machine learning for robust plant leaf recognition

Abstract The fusion multi-sensory system with optimized deep learning and machine learning algorithms appeared to synergize difficult paradigms in precision agriculture and boost recognition of various plant species. In this study, an electronic nose (E-nose) system with eight MOS sensors and a computer vision platform were designed for constructing a large-scale data set of 26 various species of plant leaves collected during 2 years under different environmental conditions. After preprocessing functions, the E-nose data set consisted of 15,600 data points, while two-phase data augmentation expanded the image data set to 156,000 samples. Multiple machine learning models, including MLPs and 7 machine learning algorithms, were executed and optimized based on the E-nose dataset, where KNN with 97% accuracy and 5 ms response time per sample showed the highest accuracy in recognizing leaves. In parallel, six deep learning and vision transform algorithms were implemented, and hyperparameters such as batch size, learning rate, optimizer, and image size were updated during training. InceptionV3 demonstrated superior performance compared to others, with 99% accuracy, 0.2 loss, and 8 ms response time. Finally, a fusion model of E-nose and computer vision-based deep and machine learning algorithms was developed for robust performance of recognizing 26 different species of leaves. The fusion model could recognize leaves with 99.8% accuracy with a 10-ms response time. The proposed hybrid approach highlights the potential of multi-modal fusion for reliable, fast, and scalable solutions in smart agriculture.

From Cucurbit[7]Uril Armor‐Equipped Ferrocene to Nitrogen Self‐Doped Porous Carbon Hosting Fe Single Atoms and Atomic Clusters for ORR and Zinc‐Air Batteries

ABSTRACT Achieving both high activity and metal loading of atomically dispersed metal sites in M─N─C catalysts remain a formidable challenge. Herein, we employ the macrocyclic supramolecule cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as a nanocage precursor and ferrocene (Fc) as a metal source, respectively. Through spontaneous host–guest self‐assembly, an angstrom‐level space‐confined precursor (Fc@CB[7]) was constructed, providing a well‐defined molecular scaffold for oxygen electrocatalysts. The resulting Fc@CB[7] complex exhibits a cage‐with‐lid geometry, endowing it with the structural characteristics of a metal monatomic precursor. Upon coating the Fc@CB[7] complex with ternary eutectic salts (NaCl, KCl, ZnCl 2 , named TESs) and subjecting it to pyrolysis, we obtained a novel oxygen electrocatalyst, denoted Fe AC ─Fe SA /N─CBC 0.7 , featuring coexisting Fe atomic clusters and Fe single atoms. The deliberately designed Fe AC ─Fe SA /N─CBC 0.7 catalyst delivers a remarkable half‐wave potential ( E 1/2 ) of 0.915 V and outstanding Zn–air battery (ZAB) performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations identify the presence of Fe 7 clusters that modulate the local electronic configuration of Fe─N 4 sites and weaken *OH adsorption, thereby accelerating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. This work not only paves a way between supramolecular chemistry and electrochemistry but also provides fundamental insights into the structure–activity relationship of Fe AC ─Fe SA /N─CBC 0.7 for ORR.

Lithological control of natural radioactivity in Baltic coastal sands and implications for pre-operational radiological monitoring

Abstract Natural radioactivity in coastal sediments reflects both geological provenance and sedimentary processes, and its quantification is essential for environmental monitoring in areas of planned nuclear infrastructure. This study establishes pre-operational baseline levels of 40 K, 226 Ra and 232 Th in coastal sands of the southern Baltic Sea prior to nuclear power plant construction. Fifteen samples collected along an east–west transect were analysed by gamma spectrometry, and radiological hazard indices were calculated. Activity concentrations ranged from 120 to 322 Bq kg −1 for 40 K, 2.3–12.0 Bq kg −1 for 226 Ra and 1.9–8.7 Bq kg −1 for 232 Th. Multivariate analysis revealed clear spatial differentiation between a barrier–embayment sector enriched in 226 Ra and 232 Th and a moraine-dominated sector characterized by higher 40 K. Principal Component Analysis explained 88.6% of total variance, indicating strong lithological control, while a significant 226 Ra– 232 Th correlation (R 2  = 0.896) suggests a common mineralogical carrier. All radiological indices remained below recommended limits, confirming the low-background nature of the sediments. Comparison with global data shows that the studied sands fall within the lower range of quartz-dominated coastal systems and lack heavy-mineral enrichment. The results provide a robust baseline for future radiological monitoring in dynamic glacial coastal environments.

Probing Steady‐State Carrier Properties and Charge Transport in Covalent Organic Framework by Frequency‐Domain Terahertz Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is an emerging tool for probing charge transport and optical properties in covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Existing studies have predominantly relied on time‐resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS) to investigate photoexcited carriers, with only one report on time‐dependent THz spectroscopy (TDTS) to understand ground‐state carriers within a narrow spectral window. Frequency‐domain THz spectroscopy (FDTS), which offers high spectral resolution across the far–infrared‐THz range remains unexplored. Herein, we employ FDTS to investigate steady‐state carrier transport in a COF (TTC‐PD) and amorphous frameworks (TTC‐DTO and TTC‐PD (amor)), along with their molecular analogues. Frequency‐dependent optical constants and complex conductivity were extracted using Kramers–Kronig transformations (KKT) and validated by TDTS. Despite stronger carrier localization, TTC‐DTO exhibits higher intrinsic conductivity due to increased carrier density, whereas TTC‐PD shows lower conductivity but higher mobility arising from more delocalized transport pathways. This conceptual study demonstrates the potential of FDTS and TDTS as a combined and complementary platform for comprehensive analysis of the ground state charge transport properties of frameworks across the extended THz regime.

Dimensional accuracy of dental impression materials evaluated using a standardized CAD based method across materials tray types and techniques

Abstract In this in vitro study, a CAD-based test workflow was established to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of conventional dental impression materials under standardized laboratory conditions. Ninety double-mix impressions were made from a rigid metal reference arch with four reference spheres using three elastomeric materials: vinyl polysiloxane (VPS), polyether (PE), and vinyl siloxanether (VSE). Guided impressions and freehand impressions were performed with both stock and custom trays. Impressions were cast in type IV dental stone, digitized with a laboratory scanner, and analyzed by comparing four linear inter-sphere distances with the reference model. Non-parametric statistics were applied. VPS and PE showed significantly lower global deviations than VSE, while VPS and PE did not differ significantly from each other. No significant differences were found between guided and freehand impressions when using stock trays. In the freehand-only comparison, stock and custom trays did not differ significantly; a borderline difference in the full cohort should be interpreted cautiously because of the partially crossed design. All measured deviations remained below the 1.5% linear-change threshold specified in DIN EN ISO 4823. This is the German adoption of a European and international standard for dentistry, specifically elastomeric impression materials. Within the limitations of this in vitro stone-cast workflow and linear-distance analysis, material selection had the strongest effect on global dimensional accuracy.

Smart Sonoafterglow Nanobombs for High‐Contrast Imaging and Synergistic Gas‐Sonodynamic Therapy of Hypoxic Tumors

ABSTRACT Precise diagnosis and effective eradication of hypoxic tumors remain formidable challenges in cancer therapy. Here, we report a smart sonoafterglow nanobomb ( TCL NPs ) featuring a single US‐triggered dual‐activation mechanism for ONOO − ‐activated afterglow imaging and CO‐gas potentiated sonodynamic therapy (SDT). TCL NPs are engineered from a sonosensitizer ( TTQ ), an ONOO − ‐responsive chemiluminescent substrate ( CL─COOCH 3 ), and a ROS‐activated CO prodrug ( DHF ). Upon ultrasound irradiation, TTQ generates ROS that oxidize CL─COOCH 3 , triggering a bright near–infrared afterglow via chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) for high‐contrast, real‐time tumor visualization. Simultaneously, the generated ROS induce CO release from DHF prodrug, which effectively alleviates tumor hypoxia and potentiates SDT efficacy. Due to this dual‐activation mechanism, TCL NPs achieve precise ONOO − ‐sensitive imaging, robust tumor suppression, and potent induction of immunogenic cell death in vivo. Overall, unlike prior approaches that address either tumor imaging or hypoxia modulation alone, this work establishes a versatile sonoafterglow nanobomb for oxygen‐independent, image‐guided, and synergistic tumor theranostics.

A cross sectional content analysis evaluates chemotherapy health information quality and reliability on TikTok and Bilibili

Mechanically Induced Switching Between Orbital‐ and Fano‐Resonance Rectification in a Dual‐Anchored Molecular Junction

ABSTRACT Achieving precise control over charge transport through individual molecules is central to advancing single‐molecule electronics. In short molecular junctions can exhibit rectification from fundamentally different mechanisms, yet strong sensitivity to contact geometry and electrode‐molecule coupling often obscures whether diode behavior arises from asymmetric orbital alignment or quantum interference. Here, we demonstrate dual‐mode rectification in a mechanically addressable metal‐molecule‐metal junction by chemically programming the interface with a heterofunctional scaffold bearing thiol and carboxyl anchors. Using scanning tunneling microscopy break‐junction (STM‐BJ) measurements under controlled mechanical modulation, we observe two reproducible conductance states that are most consistently assigned to two contact configurations on the basis of converging mechanical, statistical, and theoretical evidence. Current–voltage analysis further shows that the state assigned to the S–Au/COO–Au (thiolate‐carboxylate) configuration rectifies through asymmetric molecular‐orbital alignment and electrode coupling, whereas the state assigned to the nominally symmetric COO–Au/COO–Au (carboxylate–carboxylate) configuration rectifies via an interference‐driven, bias‐dependent Fano‐resonance pathway. These findings demonstrate that anchored chemical synthons, combined with mechanical control of binding geometry, provide a practical strategy for engineering and directly comparing rectification mechanisms in short single‐molecule junctions.

Mitogenomic phylogeny of the aquatic subterranean Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Malacostraca) and implications for the monophyly of Syncarida

Abstract The crustacean order Bathynellacea is a specialized monophyletic lineage restricted to aquatic subterranean environments and comprises approximately 340 extant species from three families. Despite advances in sequencing technologies that have significantly increased the number of sequenced crustacean mitogenomes, no bathynellacean mitogenomes have been reported to date. In this study, we report the first complete mitogenomes for Bathynellacea— Allobathynella sp., Arisubathynella cheongmiensis , Hangangbathynella mihoensis (Parabathynellidae), and Bathynella cf. rufa (Bathynellidae)—from two families. These mitogenomes, ranging from 14,422 to 16,645 bp in length, are characterized by extensive gene rearrangements, pronounced compositional biases, and accelerated evolutionary rates. Phylogenetic analyses based on malacostracan mitogenomic data strongly support the monophyly of Bathynellacea. However, the exceptionally long branches separating bathynellacean taxa suggest that extensive morphological simplification, driven by parallel adaptations to subterranean environments, may mask the ancestral diagnostic signals required to resolve their deep-level relationships. Most notably, our results indicate that the two extant orders within the superorder Syncarida—Bathynellacea and Anaspidacea—are phylogenetically distant, supporting the polyphyly of Syncarida. This suggests that their shared morphological features (e.g., the absence of a carapace and the loss of the mandibular lacinia mobilis) are likely products of convergent evolution rather than common ancestry. Our study provides mitogenomic resources for Bathynellacea and underscores the necessity of mitogenomic evidence in reassessing the taxonomic status of subterranean crustacean lineages.

Consequences of Medium‐Pore Zeolite Constraints for Alkene Cracking—The Case of <i>n</i> ‐Pentene

ABSTRACT The catalytic cracking of alkenes in zeolites is of fundamental and industrial significance, yet the elementary steps of the mechanism are surprisingly less well established than those of alkane cracking. Here, pentenes were employed as model alkenes to investigate cracking kinetics and pathways on H‐ZSM‐5 ( MFI framework) at 703–843 K. Cracking is initiated from a hydrogen‐bonded alkene, with specific carbenium ions acting as transition states or short‐lived intermediates. Monomolecular cracking, quantified via ethene formation, has an intrinsic activation enthalpy (Δ H ǂ ° int. ) of 167 kJ·mol −1 , which is 26 kJ·mol −1 lower than for n ‐pentane, while maintaining comparable activation entropies (−3 vs. 3 J·mol −1 ·K −1 ), resulting in a 28‐fold higher activity at 773 K. Butene formation follows two temperature‐dependent pathways: dimerization cracking via tertiary‐to‐secondary carbenium ions at 703–733 K (Δ H ǂ ° int.  = 64 kJ·mol −1 ) and monomolecular cracking involving CH 3 + formation at 813–843 K (Δ H ǂ ° int.  = 184 kJ·mol −1 ). Extending the analysis to other medium‐pore zeolite frameworks such as TON and FER demonstrates that narrower pore systems suppress activity by increasing Δ H ǂ ° int. , whereas extra‐framework aluminum oxide promotes reactivity by entropically shifting the transition state to a later stage. Together, these results establish alkene cracking in zeolites as an enthalpy–entropy–controlled process dictated by topology and local chemical environment.