Browse Articles

An effect of silver arsenic sulfide and gallium sulfide dielectric materials in SPR refractive sensor: a numerical study

From Leuco to Blue: Photochemical Redox Amplification for Small-Molecule Immunodetection

An HEVC-based known-plaintext attack for video selective encryption

Activatable Immunotheranostic Nanovesicles for Coordinated Phagocytic Reprogramming and Real-Time Immune Monitoring

Multi-perspective prompt fusion for zero-shot classification of agricultural news texts with large language models

Enzyme-Catalyzed Stereoselective C(sp ³ )–S Bond Formation via a Dichotomic Carbene Transfer Mechanism

Stage-dependent prognostic impact of age in colorectal cancer: A population-based SEER analysis

Size of Biomolecular Condensates Dictates Fate in Liquid–Solid Phase Transitions through Amorphous–Amyloid Competition

High power density in a fully printed origami-inspired rolled thermoelectric generator enabled by paper self-folding

Abstract Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can harvest waste heat for small electronics. However, printed planar TEGs are often limited by low thermocouple density within a given footprint. Here, we present a paper-based rolled thermoelectric generator (Rolled TEG) that autonomously transforms from a planar sheet into a cylindrical geometry via paper self-folding using a fully printed fabrication process. Silver nanoparticle ink is inkjet printed to form electrodes and interconnects, while PEDOT:PSS is screen printed to form p-type thermoelectric legs, enabling series-connected architectures on paper substrates. The self-folding transformation rearranges thermocouples onto the inner cylindrical surface, increasing thermocouple density per projected installation area while preserving leg length and electrical connectivity. By systematically examining printing conditions and electrode pattern design, we clarify how internal resistance and output characteristics are governed and demonstrate that the rolled geometry enhances footprint-normalized power generation by achieving a footprint-normalized power density of 18.9 nW cm −2 , which is 28.1 times higher than that of the Planar TEG. This work establishes autonomous paper self-folding as an effective design strategy for compact, fully printed thermoelectric devices.

Substrate-Induced One-Dimensional Borophene-Silver Hybridization

Modeling recreational visitation at Bureau of Land Management sites

Abstract Estimates of recreational visitation are essential for public land management. Visitation is typically estimated using devices such as automated counters that require logistics and effort, particularly at remote locations or those with several access points. In this study, we investigate the utility of alternative data sources and statistical models for estimating visitation to public lands in the United States, through an analysis of data from 70 Bureau of Land Management sites. We compile 1328 site-months of visitor count data collected on-site, which are used to train and evaluate three random forest models incorporating combinations of 15 site-level characteristics and three sources of digital mobility data—mobile device locations, geolocated social media, and community science observations. Models including site characteristics perform better than models relying on mobility data alone. Cross-validation using held-out sites reveal varying prediction accuracy, suggesting that model generalizability depends on the inclusion of characteristically similar sites in the training data. These results underscore the limitations of relying solely on mobility data for visitation estimation and highlight the benefits of combining diverse data sources. Our approach provides a scalable, data-driven framework for estimating visitation where traditional monitoring is challenging or infeasible, supporting broader applications in recreation management.

Adversarial vulnerability and robustness of deep learning models for panoramic dental X-ray segmentation

Room-Temperature Viscoelastic Liquid Semiconducting Block Copolymer with Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction

Formation of Quasi-2D [Mon+1Cn] Layered Structures via Carburizing Metal Films toward Surface Functional Group-Free Molybdenum Carbide MXene Thin Films

Abstract MXenes have a characteristic quasi-two-dimensional structure composed of covalently bonded transition metal (M) and carbon or nitrogen (X) sublayers, [Mn+1Xn], stacked with an interlayer spacing. Conventional MAX-etched MXenes inevitably have inhomogeneous surface functional groups (Tx), while chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has so far yielded only ultrathin α-Mo2C bulk crystals, failing to form a layered structure. Here, we report a CVD approach that enables the formation of layered [Mon+1Cn] structures through controlled carburization of predeposited Mo films without Tx sources. The resulting films are composed of multiple MXene phases, including Mo2C, Mo3C2, and Mo4C3 layered motifs. Regulated carbon diffusion results in discrete [Mon+1Cn] slabs with a well-defined interlayer spacing. In addition, a signature Tx-free, Mo-exposed surface exhibits enhanced nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) activity compared with a CVD-grown α-Mo2C film, achieving an NH3 yield of 6.52 μg h–1 cm–2. Given the broad applicability to other MXenes, we anticipate that this work will stimulate further fundamental research and application on MXenes.

A CD index guided ensemble framework for screening potentially disruptive patent candidates in artificial intelligence

Does Turnover Number Represent a Single Value or a Distribution?

Vibration-based condition monitoring, performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel

Abstract This study aims to experimentally investigate the performance, combustion, emissions, and vibration characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine fueled with diesel and Karanja biodiesel blends (B20 and B30). Experiments were conducted under varying engine load, compression ratio (CR), and hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR-HOT) conditions. Engine vibration was evaluated using root mean square acceleration (RMS Accel), and a novel integrated approach was adopted to correlate vibration behavior with performance and emission characteristics. The results show that vibration increases with engine load but decreases with higher compression ratios, while under EGR conditions it initially decreases and then rises at higher rates. The results show that vibration increases with engine load but decreases with higher compression ratios, while under EGR-HOT conditions it initially decreases and then rises at higher rates. Compared to diesel, RMS acceleration decreased by 4.3 and 8.49% under load variation, 3.01 and 7.18% under CR variation, and 2.66 and 6.75% under EGR-HOT conditions for B20 and B30, respectively. Emission analysis revealed reductions of 13.3% in hydrocarbon (HC), 6.58% in carbon monoxide (CO), and 17.98% in smoke opacity for B30, although nitric oxide (Nox) increased by 15.8% as compared to diesel. Combustion analysis indicated a 3.43% increase in maximum cylinder pressure (CPMax) and a 14.94% decrease in net heat release (NHR). In terms of performance, brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) decreased by 10.74%, while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased by 18.52%. Overall, the study demonstrates that biodiesel blends improve emission and vibration characteristics but slightly compromise performance, while the integrated analysis provides deeper insight into combustion behavior and engine condition.

Cyclodextrin-Derived Porous Liquids Enabled by In Situ Solvation Shell Formation

Abstract Porous liquids (PLs) represent a unique platform for molecular separations by combining permanent porosity with liquid-phase mobility. However, it remains a formidable challenge to construct and stabilize PLs with sub-5 Å pores using readily available porous host and liquid media. Here, we report the construction of cyclodextrin (CD)-derived PLs enabled by in situ solvation shell formation. The acid–base neutralization reaction between CD and an organic base was leveraged to generate a thin ionic solvation shell around the CD host, effectively liquefying CD and preventing its segregation in the liquid base medium while preserving accessible molecular-scale cavities. Spectroscopic analysis, neutron scattering, density functional theory calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations collectively confirm the structural evolution and existence of abundant internal porosity in PLs. The unique architectures of CD-derived PLs enable highly selective encapsulation of fluorinated alkanes and significantly enhanced uptake of inert gases. This facile and generalizable strategy enables construction of high-quality PLs with engineered ultramicroporosity to facilitate molecular separations.

Engineering Structural Transitions in a Multilevel Molecular Switch via Intermolecular Coupling

Abstract Controlling molecular conformations with atomic precision is essential for advancing molecular functional electronics, as well as our understanding of molecular dynamics. While switching between bistable molecular conformers is common in nature, creating systems with multiple, addressable states remains synthetically challenging. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up strategy in which intermolecular interactions give rise to multilevel functionality within a simple two-molecule assembly. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that a pyrrolidine dimer on Cu(100) exhibits six distinct adsorption conformations, exceeding the four expected from two independent bistable units. This unusual complexity arises from the interplay between intermolecular van der Waals attraction and steric repulsion, which reshapes the potential energy landscape and changes a single high-energy transition into a sequential two-step pathway. Each step is driven by low-energy inelastic electron excitations, achieving a switching efficiency an order of magnitude higher than that of the monomer. By tuning the bias voltage and tip–molecule distance, we achieve deterministic control over multiple stable states, establishing a general design principle for on-demand engineering of collective molecular behavior and energy-efficient multilevel molecular devices.

Adaptive metabolic reprogramming conserves energy status in Antarctic giants