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Large language models provide discordant information compared to ophthalmology guidelines
Institutions of public judgment established by social contract and taxation
Indirect reciprocity is a compelling explanation for stable cooperation in a large society: Those who cooperate appropriately earn a good standing, so that others are more likely to cooperate with them. However, this mechanism requires a population to agree on who has good standing and who has bad standing. Consensus can be provided by a central institution that monitors and broadcasts reputations. But how might such an institution be maintained, and how can a population ensure that it is effective and incorruptible? Here, we explore a simple mechanism to sustain an institution for judging reputations: a tax collected from each member of the population. We analyze the possible tax rate that individuals will rationally pay to sustain an institution of judgment, which provides a public good in the form of information, and we derive necessary conditions for individuals to resist the temptation to evade their tax payment. We also consider the possibility that institution members may be corrupt and subject to bribery, and we analyze how strong the incentives against corruption need to be. Our analysis has implications for establishing robust public institutions that provide social information to support cooperation in large populations—and the potential negative consequences associated with wealth or income inequality.
Layered-columnar cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
Molecular mechanism of Activin receptor inhibition by DLK1
Abstract Delta-like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1) influences myogenesis, adipogenesis, and other aspects of human development through a process that is largely attributed to the downregulation of Notch signaling. Here, we show that DLK1 does not bind to Notch receptors or affect ligand-mediated Notch activation, but instead engages the TGF-β superfamily member Activin receptor type 2B (ACVR2B). The crystal structure of the DLK1-ACVR2B complex reveals that DLK1 mimics the binding mode of canonical TGF-β ligands to compete for access to ACVR2B. In functional assays, DLK1 antagonizes Myostatin-ACVR2B signaling to promote myoblast differentiation, rationalizing a mechanism for the role of DLK1 in muscle development and regeneration. Crosstalk between Notch and TGF-β is mediated by interactions between the transcriptional regulators SMAD2/3 and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), and DLK1 inhibits SMAD2/3-NICD colocalization. These findings indicate that DLK1 acts directly on ACVR2B to inhibit signaling, whereas the observed effects on Notch may be an indirect result of DLK1 interference with NICD-SMAD complex formation.
Divergent trajectories to structural diversity impact patient survival in high grade serous ovarian cancer
Abstract Deciphering the structural variation across tumour genomes is crucial to determine the events driving tumour progression and better understand tumour adaptation and evolution. High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is an exemplar tumour type showing extreme, but poorly characterised structural diversity. Here, we comprehensively describe the mutational landscape driving HGSOC, exploiting a large (N = 324), deeply whole genome sequenced dataset. We reveal two divergent evolutionary trajectories, affecting patient survival and involving differing genomic environments. One involves homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD) while the other is dominated by whole genome duplication (WGD) with frequent chromothripsis, breakage-fusion-bridges and extra-chromosomal DNA. These trajectories contribute to structural variation hotspots, containing candidate driver genes with significantly altered expression. While structural variation predominantly drives tumorigenesis, we find high mtDNA mutation loads associated with shorter patient survival. We show that a combination of mutations in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes impact prognosis, suggesting strategies for patient stratification.
Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST70 harboring blaNDM in a migratory Penguin
Abstract The growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance poses a global threat to human and animal health. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in a Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) rescued off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The penguin presented a bacterial infection, identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of several resistance genes, including those that confer resistance to carbapenems, beta-lactams, quinolones, and other classes of antibiotics. The bacterial strain belonged to Sequence Type 70 (ST70), a clone previously associated with human nosocomial infections. This study highlights the potential of migratory penguins as vectors of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach to address the complex interaction between environmental factors, animal health, and human well-being. The findings underscore the urgency of implementing strategies to mitigate the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria in natural and urban environments.
Resilient oscillator-based cyberattack detection for distributed secondary control of inverter-interfaced Islanded microgrids
Lightweight identity authentication and key agreement scheme for VANETs based on SSL-PUF
Prognostic significance of acute exacerbations and usual interstitial pneumonia in fibrotic interstitial lung disease
Association between inflammation indicators and albuminuria in US adults: a cross-sectional study
Smart deep learning model for enhanced IoT intrusion detection
Personalized prediction model generated with machine learning for kidney function one year after living kidney donation
Abstract Living kidney donors typically experience approximately a 30% reduction in kidney function after donation, although the degree of reduction varies among individuals. This study aimed to develop a machine learning (ML) model to predict serum creatinine (Cre) levels at one year post-donation using preoperative clinical data, including kidney-, fat-, and muscle-volumetry values from computed tomography. A total of 204 living kidney donors were included. Symbolic regression via genetic programming was employed to create an ML-based Cre prediction model using preoperative clinical variables. Validation was conducted using a 7:3 training-to-test data split. The ML model demonstrated a median absolute error of 0.079 mg/dL for predicting Cre. In the validation cohort, it outperformed conventional methods (which assume post-donation eGFR to be 70% of the preoperative value) with higher R 2 (0.58 vs. 0.27), lower root mean squared error (5.27 vs. 6.89), and lower mean absolute error (3.92 vs. 5.8). Key predictive variables included preoperative Cre and remnant kidney volume. The model was deployed as a web application for clinical use. The ML model offers accurate predictions of post-donation kidney function and may assist in monitoring donor outcomes, enhancing personalized care after kidney donation.
Identification of potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors through covalent drug docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and MMGBSA calculation
Structural mechanism for the recognition of E2F1 by the ubiquitin ligase adaptor Cyclin F
Cyclin F, a noncanonical member of the cyclin protein family, plays a critical role in regulating transitions in the cell division cycle. Unlike canonical cyclins, which bind and activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), Cyclin F functions as a substrate receptor protein within the Skp1–Cullin-F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, enabling the ubiquitylation of target proteins. The structural features that distinguish Cyclin F as a ligase adaptor and the mechanisms underlying its selective substrate recruitment over Cyclin A, which functions in complex with CDK2 at a similar time in the cell cycle, remain largely unexplored. We utilized single-particle cryoelectron microscopy to elucidate the structure of a Cyclin F–Skp1 complex bound to an E2F1 peptide. The structure and biochemical analysis reveal important differences in the substrate-binding site of Cyclin F compared to Cyclin A. Our findings expand on the canonical cyclin-binding motif (Cy or RxL) and highlight the importance of electrostatics at the E2F1 binding interface, which varies between Cyclin F and Cyclin A. These results advance our understanding of E2F1 regulation and may inform strategies for selectively targeting Cyclin F in cancer or neurodegeneration.
Dual role of circulating and mucosal Vδ1 T cells in the control of and contribution to persistent HIV-1 infection
Impedance decoupling strategy to enhance the real-time powering performance of TENG for multi-mode sensing
Magnetization switching driven by magnonic spin dissipation
Inverted Chiroptical Properties of Hybrid Metal Halides Through Reversible Chiral Induction Driven by External and Internal Chirality Transfer
Abstract Chiral organic‐inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIHMHs) are commonly constructed by introducing pairs of enantiomorphic chiral precursors through a single chirality transfer pathway, which may limit the regulation of chiral structural diversity and chiroptoelectronic properties. Herein, we propose a new strategy for achieving reversible chiral induction of OIHMHs with inverted chiroptical properties through external and internal chirality transfer pathways, by utilizing a single chiral reagent R ‐/ S ‐ α ‐methylbenzylamine ( R ‐/ S ‐MBA). Specifically, R ‐MBA can externally induce chiral enrichment of M ‐DMA 4 (Bi 0.486 In 0.511 Sb 0.003 )Cl 7 ( M ‐DMA 4 (Bi‐In‐Sb)Cl 7 , DMA = dimethylammonium cation) without integrating into structure. Conversely, R ‐MBA can insert into structure, internally inducing the formation of DMA( R ‐MBA) 2 (Bi 0.634 In 0.362 Sb 0.004 )Cl 6 (DMA( R ‐MBA) 2 (Bi‐In‐Sb)Cl 6 ), which reverses the structural arrangements and inverts both linear and nonlinear chiroptical properties. Both externally and internally induced chiral OIHMHs exhibit significant chiroptical responses with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Moreover, the externally induced centimeter‐sized rhombic single crystal enables morphology‐ and angle‐dependent inverted circularly polarized luminescence with a dissymmetry factor of ∼0.02, through single crystal anisotropy. The internal induction enhances SHG intensity by nine‐fold and increases PLQY to 98.9%. This multi‐path chirality transfer, based on a single chiral reagent, can significantly broaden the structural scope of functional chiral OIHMH materials and facilitate the regulation of chiroptoelectronic properties.