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Age-Related Positivity Bias in Emotion Recognition: Marker of Neurodegeneration or Shift in Decision Criterion?
Microchiral pinwheel arrays based on achiral molecules
Abstract From a molecular perspective, chirality is manifested in the intrinsic asymmetry of atomic arrangements that cannot be superimposed on their mirror images. Achiral molecules at nanometer scale can be assembled to have micron-scale chiral structures using physical stimuli, but the resulting chiral structures are often spatially limited, difficult to control over large areas, or unstable once the stimulus is removed. Here we show that a confined anisotropic molecular medium, derived from the nematic mesophase, undergoes a field-driven symmetry-breaking transition that generates micron-scale chiral structures. This approach provides a simple and scalable route to generate macroscopic chiral optical materials from molecularly symmetric precursors.
Machining performance of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V: effects on surface and geometric integrity and tool wear during milling
Abstract Machining of additively manufactured (AMed) Ti6Al4V alloy remains challenging for achieving the desired final surface quality, particularly during slot milling operations. This research investigates the influence of machining parameters on geometric integrity (slot accuracy, burr formation, surface roughness) and tool wear during slot milling of selective laser melting (SLM) AMed Ti6Al4V alloy. The milling process was performed under dry conditions using a full factorial design of experiments. Burr width, slot width, and tool wear were analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, optical 3D measurements and stylus-based roughness measurements of the machined slot were conducted. The results show an improvement of 59%, 71%, and 83% in burr formation, surface roughness, and tool life, respectively. Therefore, it demonstrates the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on slot accuracy, with a precise slot achieved under 60 m/min, 0.1 mm/rev, and 0.5 mm. Additionally, the results highlighted a useful reference, which established optimal cutting parameters, with a major focus on SLM-AMed Ti6Al4V, slot geometric integrity, particularly slot width deviation, and burr formation, and their correlation with surface roughness and tool wear under a dry cutting environment. In summary, the safe machining window for slot milling of AMed Ti6Al4V alloy involves cutting speeds (60–120 m/min), low feed rates (0.1 mm/rev), and shallow to moderate cuts (0.25–0.5 mm). This causes a loose fit tolerance and poor precision, which negatively impacts cutting performance and the geometric features of AM- machined parts.
Magnetogenetics: Tools for Noninvasive Neuromodulation with Cellular Resolution
Magnetogenetics is emerging as a promising tool to control neuronal activity and overcome the limitations of chemogenetics and optogenetics. While chemogenetics is restricted in temporal resolution, optogenetics is invasive and limited in penetration depth. Magnetogenetics addresses these challenges by offering a noninvasive approach that enables wireless and on-demand control of neuronal activity. Magnetogenetics uses synthetic magnetic nanoparticles or the protein ferritin as transducers to convert magnetic fields into thermal, mechanical, or biochemical signals that can activate ion channels and proteins sensitive to these stimuli. To achieve cellular resolution, the neurons of interest are genetically targeted by the expression of diverse ion channels that confer sensitivity to magnetic stimulation or by targeting transducers to ion channels via linkers such as antibodies and other binding domains. Neuroscientists have used magnetogenetics to drive calcium-dependent gene expression, to excite or inhibit neurons, and to modulate behavior in animal models, as discussed in this review. The efficacy of these methods has been met with skepticism, and the fundamental mechanisms have been unclear. However, several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of magnetogenetics and uncovered the underlying mechanisms. While improvements are still needed for magnetogenetics to become a routine technique to control neuronal activity, there is tremendous potential for both technical innovation and applications. This review discusses the current approaches from their development and limitations to their applications across research fields, particularly neuroscience.
RAS P21 Protein Activator 3 finetunes Type I immunity by limiting HCK-mediated STAT4 phosphorylation
Impact of CD8+ T cells on lung injury prognosis via the TGF-β-PI3K/AKT axis in Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid-induced anaphylaxis
Racialized economic concentration predicts storm-related injuries and deaths in the United States, 2005–2022
Optimizing educational analytics by analyzing student perceptions of ChatGPT in programming education using enhanced feature selection
Non-invasive characterization of perivascular subarachnoid spaces
Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to facilitate brain waste clearance and immune surveillance, yet its compartmentalization remains unclear. Previous work, using invasive dynamic intrathecal MRI contrast imaging, identified a perivascular subarachnoid space (PVSAS) that enhances along the major cerebral arteries with a ‘donut’-like appearance. These findings suggest that the PVSAS may be separated from the surrounding broader subarachnoid space (SAS) by a semipermeable perivascular membrane. To investigate if the PVSAS could be observed non-invasively in healthy controls, we used a magnetic resonance imaging technique, CSF-STREAM (CSF-Selective T 2 -prepared REadout with Acceleration and Mobility-encoding), that assesses CSF-mobility at a high spatial resolution by isolating CSF from blood and tissue signal. Here, we observe high CSF-mobility next to the vasculature, with a steep drop-off into the surrounding SAS around both the middle and anterior cerebral arteries, suggesting the presence of the PVSAS in healthy controls. We find that CSF dynamics may be more spatially distinct than previously thought, providing a possible foundation for understanding brain CSF patterns in health and disease.
The advantage of fine-grained training
Artificial neural manifolds
Sustainable operation of multi-energy microgrids under carbon-restriction with stochastic resource and storage management
Collective problem decomposition improves the wisdom of deliberative crowds
Abstract Understanding when and why social interaction improves human judgment is a central question in the behavioural sciences. We examine whether collective accuracy improves when groups break complex estimation problems into simpler components and generate approximate intermediate estimates, a reasoning strategy we call Collective Fermi Estimation. Across three studies analysing 1140 online group deliberations in text chatrooms we study its causal effects and linguistic signatures. In Study 1 (N = 500), spontaneous use of problem decomposition predicts lower collective estimation error. Study 2 (N = 240) provides causal evidence: groups instructed to apply problem decomposition outperform groups instructed to combine their initial guesses. Study 3 (N = 160) shows that the benefits are larger when the strategy is applied collectively rather than individually. Altogether, we show that problem decomposition constitutes a key mechanism behind the wisdom of deliberative crowds and we provide tools to detect and promote it.
Knowledge graph-enhanced multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for intelligent teaching decision-making in ideological and political theory practical courses
On the relevance of serial cyclone clustering for Arctic sea ice
Abstract Short-term changes in Arctic sea-ice concentration (SIC) are largely driven by weather, and strong ice loss typically occurs during intense Arctic cyclones causing unusually warm and stormy conditions. Such conditions are prolonged when several cyclones follow rapidly on each other. Here, we analyze changes in SIC for such periods of serial cyclone clustering utilizing satellite observations and reanalysis data from 1979-2024. While cyclones generally decrease SIC compared to non-cyclone conditions, cyclone clusters impact the ice approximately 2.5 times longer and cause two times stronger overall SIC-reductions than solitary cyclones. The amount of SIC-loss due to cyclone clusters scales with the intensity and number of clustered cyclones, and intensified SIC-loss occurs from 2004-2024 compared to 1979-1999, even within fixed SIC-categories. These findings highlight the relevance of accumulated impacts of clustered weather events for Arctic sea-ice variability and emphasize the need to understand drivers of serial cyclone clustering in the Arctic.
The effect of intrauterine platelet-rich plasma infusion on pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent implantation failure
Abstract Does intrauterine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infusion improve frozen embryo transfer (FET) outcomes in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF)? which patient subgroups benefit most significantly? This retrospective study (July 2023-March 2025) analyzed 1,846 frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles from patients under 40 with ≥ 3 previous implantation failures. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between the PRP group (571 cycles) and the control group (1,275 cycles). Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis were employed to assess the independent effect of PRP infusion on live birth rate (LBR) in the overall cohort and prespecified subgroups. The LBR was significantly higher in the PRP group than the control group after adjusting for confounding factors (33.8% vs. 28.5%, adjusted OR 1.317, 95%CI 1.045–1.659). Stratified GEE analyses were conducted according to the maternal age, number of previous embryo transfer failures, whether to perform preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), infertility type and transferred embryo stage. After adjustment, the PRP group demonstrated a significantly higher LBR among patients of advanced-age (31.3% vs. 25.3%, adjusted OR 1.421, 95% CI 1.019–1.983) and those with secondary infertility (31.4% vs. 23.9%, adjusted OR 1.499, 95%CI 1.005–2.237). No significant differences were detected in the remaining subgroups. Among patients receiving PRP infusion, a declining trend in LBR was observed with extended PRP cryopreservation time. In this retrospective study, intrauterine PRP infusion was associated with significantly higher LBR in the overall RIF population. However, this beneficial association was not uniform and was primarily concentrated in women of advanced maternal age and those with secondary infertility.
Structures of LPOR–Chlide complexes reveal the structural basis of membrane remodeling and photocatalysis
Abstract Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a light-driven enzyme in flowering plants. It is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis while also reorganizing membrane lipids into the cubic membrane network that supports chloroplast development. However, the structural basis of these two activities and their relationship have remained unclear. Here, cryo-electron microscopy of chlorophyllide-bound LPOR oligomers reveals nine distinct assembly states, including helical filaments, stacked rings and segmented strings of dimers. We find that strings of LPOR dimers reshape lipid bilayers into a range of membrane architectures through combinations of three inter-string interfaces, providing a structural explanation for the flexibility of these assemblies. The highest-resolution map (2.55 Å), shows the pigment-binding region in sufficient detail to reveal a solvent-accessible channel near the pigment and a conformation of the propionate group may support hydride transfer from NADPH. Together, these findings establish a structural framework linking LPOR oligomerization, membrane remodeling and photocatalysis, and suggest that chlorophyllide-bound LPOR assemblies may have a regulatory function in mature leaves.