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Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Coupling Reactions of Fluorinated Sorbamides with Aldehydes Affording <i>Anti</i> -Configured β-Di(tri)fluoromethyl Alcohol Derivatives

Optimization and bioactivity assessment of Sparassis crispa extracts with response surface methodology and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm

Nukes in space? Orbital detector could sniff out warheads

Post-Translational Aldehyde-Mediated Backbone Alkylation Enables Constrained α-Amino-γ-Lactam Motifs in mRNA Display

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the treatment of trigger finger

I want to see a prison-to-PhD pipeline

Structure-Induced Spin Switching in Triple-Decker Metal–Ring–Metal Nanoclusters

Maternal oxytocin mitigates offspring autism-like phenotypes and oxytocin system alterations through improved maternal care

Dynamic Adaptive Interfaces Enable Zn-Iodine Hydrogel Batteries with High Areal Capacity and Low Self-Discharge

Explainability guided model collapse mitigation for synthetic data driven wireless decision systems

Those who forget

Programmable Surface Catalyzed Heterogeneous Nucleation Enables “Double-Cable” Light-Harvesting Supramolecular Polymers

A robust biometric system using wrist and dorsal vein images for person authentication

How to advance revolutionary science: high turnover, high risk and a licence to fail

Reversible Nucleolar Complex Coacervation by Short Cationic Peptides

Pressure surge and blade torque during shutdown of in-pipe drag-based turbines

Breast cancer driver genes found by screening chromosome aberrations in vivo

Aligning Chemical Kinetics with Crystallization Enables Millimeter-Scale Single Crystals of Conductive MOFs

A continuous differential evolution algorithm for solving uncapacitated facility location problems

Robust $${\text{Z}}_{{{\text{eff}}}}$$-mapping in composites via joint beam-hardening and detector-response correction

Abstract Quantitative effective atomic number ( $$Z_{eff}$$ ) inversion in energy-resolved X-ray projection imaging is affected by beam hardening and detector-response-induced spectral distortion. In this study, we propose a joint beam-hardening and detector-response correction framework for thickness-decoupled  $$Z_{eff}$$ inversion. A folded-spectrum forward model was established by incorporating the polychromatic X-ray source spectrum, material-dependent attenuation, and the detector response matrix of the energy-resolved photon-counting detector. Based on this model, a response-corrected spectral database was constructed using Monte Carlo simulation. The spectral mass-attenuation linearisation method was then used to reduce the nonlinear attenuation behavior caused by beam hardening, followed by  $$Z_{eff}$$ inversion through reliability-weighted least-squares spectral matching. Experimental validation was performed using standard low to middle $$Z_{eff}$$ materials with theoretical $$Z_{eff}$$ values ranging from 6.5 to 13.0 under four mass-thickness conditions $$\rho t$$  = 3.0–9.0 g/cm 2 . The results showed improved thickness stability and quantitative agreement within the calibrated material and thickness range. The method was further applied to carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer specimens containing aluminium foil and optical-fiber inclusions. The resulting  $$Z_{eff}$$  maps provided material-dependent contrast beyond conventional grayscale attenuation, suggesting the potential of the proposed framework for qualitative or semi-quantitative material discrimination in composite non-destructive testing.