The origin, history, and resistance architecture of an invasive urban malaria mosquito in Africa

T Tristan P. W. Dennis (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) J Jihad Eltaher Sulieman (National Malaria Research & Training Centre, Sennar, Sudan.) M Mujahid Nouredayem (Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.) T Temesgen Ashine (Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.) Y Yehenew Ebstie (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) A Adane Eyasu (Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) E Eba A. Simma (Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) E Endalew Zemene (School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) N Nigatu Negash (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) A Abena Yigeremu (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) M Muluken Assefa (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) H Hamza Elzack (Integrated Vector Management Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.) A Alemayehu Dagne (Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) B Biniam Lukas (Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) M Mikiyas Gebremichael Bulto (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) M Michael C. Fontaine (MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.) L Loïc Talignani (MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.) A Ahmadali Enayati (School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.) F Fatemeh Nikpoor (Malaria Control Department, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran.) A Ashwaq M. Al-Nazawi (Department of Public Health, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.) M Mohammed H. Al-Zahrani (General Directorate of Vector-borne & Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.) B Bouh Abdi Khaireh (Association Mutualis, Djibouti City, Djibouti.) S Samatar Guelleh (National Malaria Control Program, Djibouti City, Djibouti.) A Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed Abdi (Health Council of the Presidency of the Republic of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti.) R Richard Allan (The MENTOR Initiative, Crawley, UK.) S Seline Omondi (Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.) B Bernard Abong’o (Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.) S Sylvia Milanoi (Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.) E Eric Ochomo (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) A Ayman Ahmed J Jeanne N. Samake (Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.) J John E. Gimnig (Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.) C Cristina Rafferty (Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.) F Faisal Ashraf (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) P Patricia Pignatelli (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) M Marion Morris (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) S Sanjay C. Nagi (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) E Eric R. Lucas (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) A Anastasia Hernandez-Koutoucheva (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) C Chris S. Clarkson (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) P Patricia Doumbe-Belisse (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) A Adrienne Epstein (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) R Rebecca Brown (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) A Anne L. Wilson (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) A Alison M. Reynolds (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) E Ellie Sherrard-Smith (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) D Delenasaw Yewhalaw (Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.) E Endalamaw Gadisa (Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) E Elfatih Malik (Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.) H Hmooda Toto Kafy (Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.) M Martin J. Donnelly (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.) D David Weetman (Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.)

Abstract

The invasive urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi threatens 126 million city dwellers in Africa. Controlling An. stephensi requires greater understanding of its origin, invasion dynamics, and insecticide resistance mechanisms. Analysis of 645 whole genomes sampled across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia supports an invasion scenario in which an initial South Asian introduction established a bridgehead population in Djibouti, which seeded distinct invasion fronts in Sudan, Ethiopia/Kenya, and Yemen. These incursions show contrasting rates and routes of spread shaped by landscape topology. Insecticide resistance is predominantly mediated by metabolic detoxification genes, with resistance haplotypes and copy-number amplifications introduced from South Asia. These findings, alongside a companion genomic resource, enable genomic surveillance of An. stephensi spread and resistance to aid control strategies.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 393, Issue 6807
Published July 09, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (52)

T

Tristan P. W. Dennis

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

J

Jihad Eltaher Sulieman

National Malaria Research & Training Centre, Sennar, Sudan.

M

Mujahid Nouredayem

Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.

T

Temesgen Ashine

Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.

Y

Yehenew Ebstie

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A

Adane Eyasu

Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

E

Eba A. Simma

Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

E

Endalew Zemene

School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

N

Nigatu Negash

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A

Abena Yigeremu

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

M

Muluken Assefa

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

H

Hamza Elzack

Integrated Vector Management Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.

A

Alemayehu Dagne

Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

B

Biniam Lukas

Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

M

Mikiyas Gebremichael Bulto

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

M

Michael C. Fontaine

MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.

L

Loïc Talignani

MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.

A

Ahmadali Enayati

School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

F

Fatemeh Nikpoor

Malaria Control Department, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran.

A

Ashwaq M. Al-Nazawi

Department of Public Health, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

M

Mohammed H. Al-Zahrani

General Directorate of Vector-borne & Zoonotic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

B

Bouh Abdi Khaireh

Association Mutualis, Djibouti City, Djibouti.

S

Samatar Guelleh

National Malaria Control Program, Djibouti City, Djibouti.

A

Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed Abdi

Health Council of the Presidency of the Republic of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti.

R

Richard Allan

The MENTOR Initiative, Crawley, UK.

S

Seline Omondi

Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.

B

Bernard Abong’o

Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.

S

Sylvia Milanoi

Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.

E

Eric Ochomo

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

A

Ayman Ahmed

J

Jeanne N. Samake

Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.

J

John E. Gimnig

Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.

C

Cristina Rafferty

Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.

F

Faisal Ashraf

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

P

Patricia Pignatelli

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

M

Marion Morris

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

S

Sanjay C. Nagi

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

E

Eric R. Lucas

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

A

Anastasia Hernandez-Koutoucheva

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

C

Chris S. Clarkson

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

P

Patricia Doumbe-Belisse

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

A

Adrienne Epstein

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

R

Rebecca Brown

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

A

Anne L. Wilson

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

A

Alison M. Reynolds

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

E

Ellie Sherrard-Smith

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

D

Delenasaw Yewhalaw

Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.

E

Endalamaw Gadisa

Malaria and NTD Research Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

E

Elfatih Malik

Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.

H

Hmooda Toto Kafy

Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.

M

Martin J. Donnelly

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.

D

David Weetman

Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.