Epigenetic and 3D genome reprogramming during the aging of the human hippocampus

N Nathan R. Zemke (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) S Seoyeon Lee (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) S Sainath Mamde (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) B Bing Yang N Nicole Berchtold (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.) B B. Maximiliano Garduño (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.) H Hannah S. Indralingam (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) W Weronika M. Bartosik (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) P Pik Ki Lau (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) K Keyi Dong (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) E Emily Hsu (Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) A Amanda Yang (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) Y Yasmine Tani (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) C Chumo Chen (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) Q Qiurui Zeng (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) V Varun Ajith (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.) L Liqi Tong (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.) C Chanrung Seng (Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.) D Daofeng Li T Ting Wang (Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou China) J Jingtian Zhou J Joseph R. Ecker C Christopher K. Glass (Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.) C Carl W. Cotman (Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.) X Xiangmin Xu (Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.) B Bing Ren

Abstract

Changes in gene expression have been observed in the aging human brain, but our understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms remains limited. To unravel these complexities, we analyzed single-nucleus gene expression, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture from human hippocampal tissues spanning the adult lifespan. We identified both linear and nonlinear dynamic gene regulatory programs during aging. Between the ages of 50 to 75, embryonic yolk sac–derived microglia were depleted and replaced by cells resembling peripheral blood monocyte–derived microglia. Hippocampal astrocytes decreased substantially with age, including those regulating synaptic transmission. Across cell types, 3D genome architecture underwent global erosion. Our analysis provides insights for how altered gene regulatory programs promote cell type–specific aging phenotypes in the human brain.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 393, Issue 6809
Published July 23, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (26)

N

Nathan R. Zemke

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

S

Seoyeon Lee

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

S

Sainath Mamde

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

B

Bing Yang

N

Nicole Berchtold

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.

B

B. Maximiliano Garduño

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.

H

Hannah S. Indralingam

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

W

Weronika M. Bartosik

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

P

Pik Ki Lau

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

K

Keyi Dong

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

E

Emily Hsu

Center for Epigenomics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

A

Amanda Yang

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Y

Yasmine Tani

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

C

Chumo Chen

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Q

Qiurui Zeng

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

V

Varun Ajith

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.

L

Liqi Tong

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.

C

Chanrung Seng

Department of Genetics, The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

D

Daofeng Li

T

Ting Wang

Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou China

J

Jingtian Zhou

J

Joseph R. Ecker

C

Christopher K. Glass

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.

C

Carl W. Cotman

Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.

X

Xiangmin Xu

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.

B

Bing Ren