Structure and evolution-guided design of minimal RNA-guided nucleases

P Petr Skopintsev (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) I Isabel Esain-Garcia (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) E Evan C. DeTurk (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) P Peter H. Yoon Z Zehan Zhou (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) T Trevor Weiss (Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.) M Maris Kamalu (Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.) A Ajit Chamraj (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) K Kenneth J. Loi (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) C Conner J. Langeberg (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) R Ron S. Boger (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) H Hunter Nisonoff (Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) H Hannah M. Karp (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) L Lin-Xing Chen H Honglue Shi (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) K Kamakshi Vohra (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) J Jillian F. Banfield J Jamie H. D. Cate (Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.) S Steven E. Jacobsen (Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.) J Jennifer A. Doudna

Abstract

The design of RNA-guided nucleases with properties not limited by evolution can expand programmable genome-editing capabilities. However, generating diverse multidomain proteins with robust enzymatic properties remains challenging. Here, we use a protein design strategy that couples a structure-guided inverse-folding model with evolution-informed residue constraints to generate active, divergent variants of TnpB, a minimal CRISPR-Cas12–like nuclease, termed SynTnpBs. High-throughput screening of artificial intelligence–generated variants yielded editors that retained or exceeded wild-type activity in bacterial, plant, and human cells. Cryo–electron microscopy–based structure determination of the most divergent variant revealed stabilizing contacts in the RNA–DNA interfaces across conformations, demonstrating the design potential of this approach. Together, these results establish a strategy for creating non-natural RNA-guided nucleases and conformationally active nucleic acid binders, enlarging the designable protein space.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 393, Issue 6808
Published July 16, 2026
Pages 313-318
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (20)

P

Petr Skopintsev

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

I

Isabel Esain-Garcia

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

E

Evan C. DeTurk

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

P

Peter H. Yoon

Z

Zehan Zhou

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

T

Trevor Weiss

Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

M

Maris Kamalu

Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

A

Ajit Chamraj

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

K

Kenneth J. Loi

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

C

Conner J. Langeberg

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

R

Ron S. Boger

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

H

Hunter Nisonoff

Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

H

Hannah M. Karp

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

L

Lin-Xing Chen

H

Honglue Shi

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

K

Kamakshi Vohra

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

J

Jillian F. Banfield

J

Jamie H. D. Cate

Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

S

Steven E. Jacobsen

Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

J

Jennifer A. Doudna