Stress tunable multiferroic magnetic circuit: The magnetic rheostat

Abstract

This work presents the development of a magnetic rheostat, a dynamically tunable magnetic circuit element analogous to a variable resistor, leveraging the stress-dependent permeability of magnetostrictive materials. Dynamic and precise control of a magnetic field is increasingly critical for diverse applications, yet traditional methods such as electromagnets suffer from power consumption and size limitations. This magnetic rheostat offers a nonvolatile, energy-efficient alternative. The device utilizes Galfenol (Fe1−xGax, x = 0.17 − 0.19), whose permeability decreases under compressive stress to demonstrate stress-induced modulation of the magnetic flux density within an air gap. A fabricated prototype, comprising a Galfenol flux conduction element mechanically coupled to a lead-zirconate-titanate piezoelectric actuator for stress application, exhibits a magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of −0.659 mT/V and tuning of the flux density from 176.6 to 85.5 mT within a gap element. This multiferroic approach, based on stress-mediated permeability changes, demonstrates the feasibility of dynamic, non-current based flux control and opens new avenues for designing tunable magnetic circuits for diverse applications requiring precise magnetic field manipulation. The inherent nonlinearity of ferromagnetic materials, while presenting design challenges related to saturation effects, also offers opportunities for performance optimization through tailored geometry and stress application methods.