Spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization for ambient scalable perovskite photovoltaics

B Binlou Gao (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) Y Yang Zhong (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) X Xiao Luo J Jiacheng He (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) J Junxi Guo (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) X Xueying Wang (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) Y Yikun Liu (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) L Licheng Tan (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) Y Yiwang Chen (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.)

Abstract

Commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) will likely require the scalable deposition of homogeneous perovskite films under ambient conditions. However, the spatially heterogeneous degradation of metastable perovskites during prolonged coating leads to nonuniformity. Here, we demonstrate spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization of α-phase FAPbI 3 (where FA is formamidinium) enabled by a phase-locking strategy that establishes a dynamically evolving, moisture-buffering intergranular network during large-area printing. This method prevents the premature degradation caused by ambient humidity, eliminating directional inhomogeneity. Blade-coated PSCs achieved a 26.7% power conversion efficiency (PCE; 26.1% certified), and rigid and flexible 100-square-centimeter modules reached 21.5 and 19.5%, respectively. Improved morphological homogeneity mitigated localized degradation and suppressed self-amplifying aging pathways. Encapsulated devices retained more than 90% of their initial PCE after 1500 hours of 85°C maximum power point tracking in ambient air.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 393, Issue 6808
Published July 16, 2026
Pages 287-293
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (9)

B

Binlou Gao

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

Y

Yang Zhong

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

X

Xiao Luo

J

Jiacheng He

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

J

Junxi Guo

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

X

Xueying Wang

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

Y

Yikun Liu

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

L

Licheng Tan

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

Y

Yiwang Chen

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.