Lamprey 3D single-cell transcriptomics reveals ancestral and specialized features of the vertebrate brain

H Haixu Wu (State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.) D Duoyuan Chen (State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.) J Jun Li T Tao Zhou (College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) Z Zhenkun Zhuang (BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.) Z Zhiwei Niu (College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) Z Zeyu Du (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) Y Yongjie Chen (State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.) S Shunqin Chuan (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) C Chunyan Xu X Xun Liao (BGI Research, Shenzhen, China.) X Xiaoyu Meng (State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.) J Jiali Lu (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) W Wenxue Cui (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) Y Youning Lin (College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) F Fubaoqian Huang (College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) K Kuo Liao (College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.) Y Yan Liu T Tao Yang J Jing Chen H Hui Wang Z Zhiqiang Dong (College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.) L Longqi Liu X Xiaodong Fang (BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.) X Xun Xu Q Qingwei Li (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) Y Yue Pang (College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.) S Shiping Liu (BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.) B Bing Su

Abstract

The lamprey occupies a pivotal position for elucidating vertebrate brain evolution. Using spatial transcriptomics and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we generated a three-dimensional molecular atlas of the lamprey brain, identifying 209 distinct cell clusters across 14 regions. Cross-species comparisons revealed broad conservation of regional spatial architecture, defining an ancestral organizational blueprint. Within this conserved framework, however, marked lineage-specific divergence emerged. We observed extensive neuronal specialization across vertebrate lineages, accompanied by regulatory shifts associated with spatial reorganization and functional diversification of neuronal populations. Additionally, our results suggest that a cerebellum-like architecture predates the jawed vertebrate cerebellum. Together, these findings identified constraints on neural organization and detected cellular innovations driving evolutionary diversification.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 392, Issue 6804
Published June 18, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (29)

H

Haixu Wu

State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.

D

Duoyuan Chen

State Key Laboratory of Genome and Multi-omics Technologies, BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.

J

Jun Li

T

Tao Zhou

College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Z

Zhenkun Zhuang

BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.

Z

Zhiwei Niu

College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Z

Zeyu Du

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

Y

Yongjie Chen

State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.

S

Shunqin Chuan

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

C

Chunyan Xu

X

Xun Liao

BGI Research, Shenzhen, China.

X

Xiaoyu Meng

State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Model, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.

J

Jiali Lu

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

W

Wenxue Cui

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

Y

Youning Lin

College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

F

Fubaoqian Huang

College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

K

Kuo Liao

College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Y

Yan Liu

T

Tao Yang

J

Jing Chen

H

Hui Wang

Z

Zhiqiang Dong

College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

L

Longqi Liu

X

Xiaodong Fang

BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.

X

Xun Xu

Q

Qingwei Li

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

Y

Yue Pang

College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.

S

Shiping Liu

BGI Research, Hangzhou, China.

B

Bing Su