Essential metrics for measuring indoor photovoltaics

Abstract

Indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) are emerging as sustainable power sources for low-energy electronics operating under ambient lighting. However, the absence of standardized measurement protocols and reporting conventions continues to limit meaningful comparisons and broader technological progress. In this Perspective, we synthesize insights from recent literature to identify key metrics and practical considerations essential for reliable IPV characterization. We outline reasonable guidelines—ranging from light source calibration and spectral matching to device masking and temperature control—that promote reproducibility and enable fair benchmarking. These recommendations aim to lay the groundwork for future efforts toward standardizing indoor photovoltaic testing.