End-to-end deep learning for super-oscillatory subtraction imaging

Z Zhongwei Jin (College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,) K Keyi Chen (State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China) Q Qiuyu Ren Z Zhigang Dai (College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,) R Ruoping Yao (College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,) Z Zhi Hong (Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University 2 , Hangzhou 310018,) B Bin Fang (Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.) F Fangzhou Shu (Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University 2 , Hangzhou 310018,) S Shengtao Mei (College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,) Y Yiping Lu

Abstract

Breaking the diffraction limit in optical imaging is crucial for resolving subwavelength details in a wide range of applications, where super-oscillatory imaging and subtraction imaging are two common strategies for surpassing conventional resolution limits. We propose an end-to-end deep learning framework that integrates super-oscillatory focusing and subtraction imaging into a single jointly optimized vectorial Debye integral neural network pipeline, eliminating the traditional two-step acquisition and manual weighting process. With this end-to-end neural network, we further improve the focusing capability of the system to the sub-100-nm regime, enabling deep-subwavelength imaging resolution.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 128, Issue 18
Published May 04, 2026
ISSN 0003-6951
Publisher American Institute of Physics

Journal Info

Applied Physics Letters

American Institute of Physics

ISSN: 0003-6951 Physical Sciences

Authors (10)

Z

Zhongwei Jin

College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,

K

Keyi Chen

State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 585 He Shuo Road, Shanghai 201899, China

Q

Qiuyu Ren

Z

Zhigang Dai

College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,

R

Ruoping Yao

College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,

Z

Zhi Hong

Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University 2 , Hangzhou 310018,

B

Bin Fang

Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.

F

Fangzhou Shu

Centre for THz Research, China Jiliang University 2 , Hangzhou 310018,

S

Shengtao Mei

College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University 1 , Hangzhou 310018,

Y

Yiping Lu