De novo design of orthogonal far-red, orange, and green fluorophore-binding proteins for multiplexed imaging

L Long Tran S Steffen Klein (Molecular Systems Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.) D David Juergens S Shajesh Sharma (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) J Justin Decarreau G Gyu Rie Lee Y Yujia Wang W Wei Chen A Asim K. Bera A Alex Kang J Jon Woods (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) E Emily Joyce D Dionne K Vafeados (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) N Nicole Roullier (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) X Xinting Li B Bingxu Liu (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) Y Yang Bo (Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.) E Edin Muratspahić T Tim A. Brown (Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.) J Jonathan B. Grimm (Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.) R Ronak Patel (Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.) L Luke D. Lavis J Julia Mahamid (Molecular Systems Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.) L Linna An D David Baker

Abstract

Fluorescent proteins and small-molecule dyes offer complementary advantages for biological imaging: proteins are amenable to genetic tagging, whereas dyes provide superior brightness and photostability. To combine these strengths, we used de novo protein design to generate small, nanomolar-affinity, high-selectivity binders (NovoTags) for three cell-permeable dyes spanning the visible spectrum. We show that the NovoTag fluorescent lifetimes can be tuned and demonstrate their application in lifetime and wavelength-based multiplexed fluorescence imaging. We further design a two-chain NovoTag that functions as a chemically induced dimerization system with fluorescent readout in living cells, or as a minimally perturbing proximity probe in fixed cells. Our approach combines the advantages of fluorescent proteins and small-molecule dyes, expanding the toolkit for cellular imaging.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 1, Issue 1
Published July 16, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (25)

L

Long Tran

S

Steffen Klein

Molecular Systems Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.

D

David Juergens

S

Shajesh Sharma

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

J

Justin Decarreau

G

Gyu Rie Lee

Y

Yujia Wang

W

Wei Chen

A

Asim K. Bera

A

Alex Kang

J

Jon Woods

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

E

Emily Joyce

D

Dionne K Vafeados

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

N

Nicole Roullier

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

X

Xinting Li

B

Bingxu Liu

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Y

Yang Bo

Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

E

Edin Muratspahić

T

Tim A. Brown

Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.

J

Jonathan B. Grimm

Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.

R

Ronak Patel

Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.

L

Luke D. Lavis

J

Julia Mahamid

Molecular Systems Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany.

L

Linna An

D

David Baker