Age and early life adversity shape heterogeneity of the epigenome across tissues in macaques

B Baptiste Sadoughi (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) R Rachel M. Petersen (Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.) S Sam K. Patterson (Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.) E Elizabeth Slikas (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) C Christine Adjangba (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) N Nicholas Ryan (Yale University ,) C Christina E. Costa (Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.) L Laura E. Newman (Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.) M Marina M. Watowich (Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.) C Cameron R. Kelsey (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) A Ashlee Greenier (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) E Elisabeth A. Goldman (Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.) J Josué E. Negrón-Del Valle (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) D Daniel Phillips (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.) I Indya Thompson (Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.) S Samuel E. Bauman Surratt (Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.) O Olga González (Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.) N Nicole Compo (Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.) A Armando Burgos (Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.) A Alex R. DeCasien (Computational and Evolutionary Neurogenomics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.) K Kenneth L. Chiou (Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.) C Christopher S. Walker (Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.) A Angelina V. Ruiz Lambides (Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.) K Kirstin N. Sterner (Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.) A Amanda J. Lea (Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.) S Susan C. Antón L Lauren J. N. Brent (Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.) J James P. Higham (Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.) M Melween I. Martínez (Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.) A Amanda D. Melin (Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.) M Michael J. Montague (Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.) M Michael L. Platt (Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.) J Jerome Sallet N Noah Snyder-Mackler (School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.)

Abstract

Age and early life adversity (ELA) are key determinants of health, but whether they affect similar physiological mechanisms across tissues is unknown. We generated DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles across 14 tissues in 237 semi–free-ranging rhesus macaques with naturally occurring ELA. Age-associated DNAm was predominantly tissue dependent, yet tissue-specific epigenetic clocks showed that epigenetic aging was relatively consistent within individuals. ELA effects were adversity dependent, but each ELA exerted coordinated effects across tissues. Although ELA targeted many of the same loci as age, the directions of effects differed, which indicates that ELA does not uniformly increase epigenetic age. Instead, ELA leaves a coordinated, cross-tissue epigenetic signature that is distinct from—yet intertwined with—age-related differences, which advances our understanding of how early environments sculpt the molecular foundations of aging and disease.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 392, Issue 6804
Published June 18, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (34)

B

Baptiste Sadoughi

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

R

Rachel M. Petersen

Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

S

Sam K. Patterson

Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

E

Elizabeth Slikas

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

C

Christine Adjangba

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

N

Nicholas Ryan

Yale University ,

C

Christina E. Costa

Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

L

Laura E. Newman

Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

M

Marina M. Watowich

Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

C

Cameron R. Kelsey

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

A

Ashlee Greenier

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

E

Elisabeth A. Goldman

Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.

J

Josué E. Negrón-Del Valle

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

D

Daniel Phillips

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

I

Indya Thompson

Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.

S

Samuel E. Bauman Surratt

Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.

O

Olga González

Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.

N

Nicole Compo

Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.

A

Armando Burgos

Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.

A

Alex R. DeCasien

Computational and Evolutionary Neurogenomics Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.

K

Kenneth L. Chiou

Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

C

Christopher S. Walker

Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

A

Angelina V. Ruiz Lambides

Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.

K

Kirstin N. Sterner

Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.

A

Amanda J. Lea

Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

S

Susan C. Antón

L

Lauren J. N. Brent

Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

J

James P. Higham

Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

M

Melween I. Martínez

Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico.

A

Amanda D. Melin

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

M

Michael J. Montague

Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

M

Michael L. Platt

Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

J

Jerome Sallet

N

Noah Snyder-Mackler

School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.