Adaptation across an extreme elevational gradient in Andean leaf-eared mice, the world’s highest-dwelling mammal

S Schuyler Liphardt (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) N Naim M. Bautista (School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.) M Marcial Quiroga-Carmona (School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.) N Nathanael D. Herrera (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) L L. Moritz Blumer (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) J Juan C. Opazo (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.) F Federico G. Hoffmann (Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.) R Ranim Saleem (Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.) D Derek A. Somo (Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.) F Francisco Del Basto Llancaqueo (Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Ecologícas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.) T Timothy J. Thurman (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) T Timothy B. Wheeler (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) D Daniel E. Shaw (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) H Hunter K. Walt (Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.) T Till S. Harter (Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.) G Grant B. McClelland (Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.) G Graham R. Scott (Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.) P Pablo Sabat (Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Ecologícas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.) Z Zachary A. Cheviron (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) G Guillermo D’Elía (Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.) J Jeffrey M. Good (Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.) J Jay F. Storz (School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.)

Abstract

Andean leaf-eared mice ( Phyllotis vaccarum ) live at the highest elevations of any mammal, and they also have the broadest elevational range, from sea level to mountain summits of >6700 meters. Highland populations have evolved an enhanced thermogenic capacity in hypoxia relative to lowland conspecifics, and this improved physiological performance is associated with an increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle. Population genomic analyses identified mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation and revealed an unanticipated dimension of environmental adaptation in P. vaccarum because selection on biotransformation pathways suggests an evolved capacity to metabolize plant-derived dietary toxins. The world’s highest-dwelling mammal has adapted to habitats at both the low- and high-elevation limits of its range, and much of the elevation-related selection relates to previously unappreciated aspects of feeding ecology.

Article Details

Journal Science
Volume / Issue Vol. 393, Issue 6807
Published July 09, 2026
ISSN 0036-8075
Publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science

Journal Info

Science

American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN: 0036-8075 Social Sciences

Authors (22)

S

Schuyler Liphardt

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

N

Naim M. Bautista

School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.

M

Marcial Quiroga-Carmona

School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.

N

Nathanael D. Herrera

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

L

L. Moritz Blumer

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

J

Juan C. Opazo

Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.

F

Federico G. Hoffmann

Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.

R

Ranim Saleem

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

D

Derek A. Somo

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

F

Francisco Del Basto Llancaqueo

Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Ecologícas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

T

Timothy J. Thurman

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

T

Timothy B. Wheeler

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

D

Daniel E. Shaw

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

H

Hunter K. Walt

Department of Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.

T

Till S. Harter

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

G

Grant B. McClelland

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

G

Graham R. Scott

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

P

Pablo Sabat

Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Ecologícas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Z

Zachary A. Cheviron

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

G

Guillermo D’Elía

Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.

J

Jeffrey M. Good

Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

J

Jay F. Storz

School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.