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Psychedelic Therapies in the United States — Balancing State and Federal Oversight

Parameter-free hybrid RAO algorithm for reactive power optimization

Abstract The Rao algorithms are a relatively new parameter-free optimisation technique that has grown in importance as an intelligent optimisation tool. Rao algorithms are effective algorithms that embody the idea of attracting toward a global optimum, illustrating the algorithm’s swarm intelligence and the survival of the fittest principle, like that of an evolutionary algorithm. However, it has found applications in other areas related to optimization, primarily in engineering practice, where it is analyzed and summarized based on the specifics of each situation. The absence of algorithm-specific parameters explains the wide applicability of Rao optimization. Although several studies have addressed these methods, limited effort has been made to provide a comprehensive summary of Rao algorithms. This work aims to provide up-to-date information on Rao algorithms, which will be useful for researchers in this field. Additionally, a hybrid Rao algorithm is developed to overcome the limitations of traditional Rao algorithms. The proposed algorithm was implemented in the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 57 bus systems, to resolve the Optimal VAR Dispatch Problem, and to assess its effectiveness. Results show that hybrid Rao algorithm deliver higher quality solutions within a reasonable timeframe, outperforming other approaches stated in the recent literature. The paper ends with recommendations for future developments to improve the Rao algorithm’s performance.

Oral health in professional Slovak soccer players: Assessment of dental risks, subgingival microbiota and genetic influences

Background Recent studies reveal high rates of dental issues among professional soccer players, worsened by poor hygiene, frequent sport drinks consumption and limited preventive care. Busy schedules, frequent relocations and changing clubs further disrupt dental routines, impacting performance and well-being. Therefore, we decided to assess the oral health status of professional Slovak soccer players and address these critical concerns. Methods We assessed the oral health of 51 male soccer players from two elite Slovak soccer clubs during 2023/2024 season. Data collection included two paper-based questionnaires and a clinical oral examination by dentists. Additionally, clinical laboratory data were collected from saliva to test for presence of periopathogenic bacteria and DNA polymorphisms. Results Although 92.2% had valid health insurance, 36% did not attend dental check-ups in the past year, indicating underutilization of preventive care. While 86.2% brushed their teeth more than twice daily, only 48% practiced interdental cleaning and 35.3% used mouthwash. A significant 83.7% consumed sports drinks high in sugar and acid, influencing oral health risks. Clinical examinations revealed that 86.3% had a moderate to high DMF index (mean decayed teeth: 3.8) and 54.9% exhibited gingivitis. Bacterial analyses showed 25.5–74.5% carried highly periopathogenic bacteria, indicating a high risk for periodontitis. Additionally, 15.7% of players exhibited presence of DNA polymorphisms associated with risk of periodontitis onset. Conclusion This study reveals a gap in preventive dental care among professional soccer players, emphasizing the urgent need for integrated oral health strategies within sports programs.

Prehospital Resuscitation with Type O Whole Blood for Trauma and Hemorrhage

Integrated mineralogical, geochemical, and log derived TOC evaluation of source rock potential in the Khatatba Formation (Western Desert, Egypt)

Abstract The Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation represents one of the principal petroleum system elements in the Western Desert of Egypt and contains important organic-rich shale intervals within the Upper Safa Member. This study integrates mineralogical, geochemical, and calibrated log-derived TOC analyses to evaluate the source rock potential of the Upper Safa Member in the Obaiyed Field. A total of 100 ditch-cutting samples from four wells were examined using XRD, XRF, TOC, TS, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analyses, combined with continuous log-derived TOC prediction. Mineralogical results indicate a kaolinite-rich siliciclastic assemblage with quartz and minor calcite, while geochemical data suggest mixed siliciclastic and marine influence. TOC values range from 0.50 to 3.90 wt% (average ~ 1.8 wt%), indicating moderate to very good organic richness. Rock-Eval data reveal mixed Type II/III kerogen with HI values of 99–186 mg HC/g TOC and Tmax values between 441 °C and 457 °C, confirming thermal maturity within the hydrocarbon generation window. Log-derived TOC calibrated against laboratory measurements shows strong agreement (R² = 0.93), demonstrating the reliability of the integrated workflow for continuous source rock characterization. TOC–TS relationships suggest deposition under oxygen-restricted conditions interpreted conservatively as dysoxic to suboxic, favorable for organic matter preservation. The Upper Safa Member is interpreted as a mature, gas-prone source rock with fair to good hydrocarbon generation potential and strong source–reservoir coupling with adjacent Safa sandstone reservoirs. The integrated workflow presented in this study provides a reliable framework for continuous source rock evaluation and improved exploration targeting in the northwestern Western Desert of Egypt.

Nutritional availability and carbon footprints of omnivorous, vegetarian and vegan diets: A cross-sectional analysis of dietary data for UK children aged 2–12

As plant-based (PB) diets become more common among UK children, understanding their nutritional adequacy and environmental impact is vital. This study addresses that lack of understanding through assessment of the nutrient content and greenhouse gas emissions for omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan diets. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using three-day weighed food diaries from 39 UK children aged 2–12 years (omnivore n = 15; and PB: vegetarian n = 11; vegan n = 13). Nutrients were analysed with and without supplementation using Nutritics software. GHG emissions were calculated at the ingredient level (kgCO₂e/day) and grouped by Eatwell Guide food categories. No dietary group met all nutrient reference values. Omnivores exceeded recommended intakes for saturated fat and free sugars while failing to meet the recommended intake for fibre, whereas PB children had intakes of these nutrients in the healthy range. PB diets were adequate in protein and vitamin B12 even in the absence of supplementation. Vegan children also met iron requirements from diet alone, whereas omnivore and vegetarian children did not meet iron targets without supplementation. Vitamin D intake was insufficient across all groups when supplements were excluded, with only vegan children achieving recommended levels through supplementation. Zinc requirements were met only by vegetarian children with the aid of supplements and were not met by vegan or omnivore children with or without supplementation. Iodine intake remained inadequate in vegan children even with supplementation. Mean daily greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions differed significantly between diet groups, with omnivores having the highest emissions, while vegans had the lowest emissions: 46% lower than omnivores, and 20% lower than vegetarians. Well-planned PB diets can meet most nutrient needs in UK children when supported by fortified foods and supplements, while substantially reducing dietary GHG emissions compared with omnivorous diets. Shifting away from animal protein and dairy provides an opportunity for improving both nutritional quality and environmental sustainability.

Cefazolin for Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia

Spatial modelling of potential rockfall occurrence in Romania using the weight of evidence method

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the extended Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire

Individual differences in musical reward have increasingly been studied in neuroscience and music research. However, there are limited validated tools for evaluating musical reward with multidimensional measures in Turkish-speaking populations. The extended Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire offers a comprehensive assessment of how individuals experience pleasure from music. This study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the extended Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (eBMRQ-TR). A total of 266 Turkish-speaking adults aged 18–65 completed the eBMRQ-TR using an online platform. This study included 189 non-musicians, 57 amateur musicians, and 20 professional musicians. Construct validity was investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Test-retest reliability over a three-week period was evaluated in a subsample of 65 participants through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Exploratory analyses were performed to define group differences in musicianship, gender, and age. The eBMRQ-TR comprised 24 items across six factors, accounting for 52.41% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated acceptable model fit [χ² (237) = 628, CFI = .946, TLI = .938, RMSEA = .079, SRMR = .057], supporting a six-factor structure for the eBMRQ-TR. The total eBMRQ-TR showed excellent internal consistency (α = .92; ω = .93). The test-retest reliability of the total eBMRQ-TR showed satisfactory temporal consistency, with an ICC of  .80. Musicians demonstrated higher total eBMRQ-TR scores than non-musicians ( p  &lt; .001, η²  = .11). The eBMRQ-TR is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring musical reward in Turkish-speaking adults. As a multidimensional measure, it could inform future studies of individual differences in musical engagement, particularly for research on musical reward and music perception.

Prehospital Whole Blood for Traumatic Hemorrhage — Consistent Evidence from Two Randomized Trials

Effects of controlling anterior tibial translation preserve sensory-motor function and mechanoreceptor morphology following anterior cruciate ligament injury in rats

Pharmacists Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Cross-Sectional Study from Palestine

Background Probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly used globally as part of complementary health intervention for various disorders. Pharmacists, as accessible healthcare providers, are key in guiding safe and effective use. However, little is known about Palestinian pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards these products. This study aimed to assess pharmacists’ KAP regarding probiotics and prebiotics in Palestine and to identify demographic and professional factors associated with pharmacists’ knowledge score. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 pharmacists using a self-administered structured questionnaire, covering socio-demographics, probiotics and prebiotics knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Knowledge was assessed using a scoring system, and participants were categorized as having poor (≤50%; 0–17 points), moderate (&gt;50%– &lt; 70%; 18–23 points), or high (≥70%; 24–34 points) knowledge. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multivariable linear regression were used for analysis. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 26. Result Among 400 participating pharmacists, the majority of participants were female (66.25%), aged between 20 and 29 (74.25%), were staff pharmacists (82.50%), and worked in community pharmacies settings (92.25%). The mean knowledge score was 21.3 ± 6.1 (range: 4–34). Most participants demonstrated moderate knowledge (57.8%), while 32.0% achieved high knowledge and 10.3% had poor knowledge. In multivariable analysis, selected factors showed modest associations with knowledge score, including age, probiotic/prebiotic education, and prescription volume (P &lt; 0.05). Attitudes were generally positive, with 85.5% believed they provide health benefits and 81% were willing to recommend them. Practice findings indicated variable self-reported counseling and recommendation behaviors, with barriers related to evidence access and confidence in clinical application. Conclusion Pharmacists in Palestine showed moderate overall knowledge, with positive attitudes towards probiotics and prebiotics, yet knowledge gaps persist. These findings suggest a need for targeted practice-oriented education and continuing professional development to strengthen evidence-based counseling and appropriate clinical application.

NEJM Outbreaks Update — Andes Hantavirus

Proteomic signatures of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with atrial fibrillation in goats

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases energy demand in atrial myocytes, yet the mitochondrial mechanisms underlying this stress remain poorly defined. Using previously published proteomic data from left atrial tissue of AF and sham-operated goats, we performed organelle-specific bioinformatic analyses of the mitochondrial fraction. Over-representation and consensus pathway analyses consistently highlighted enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits. Gene set enrichment and network analyses implicated Heat Shock Protein Family A Member 9 (HSPA9) as a potentially central regulatory hub coordinating the dysregulation of Complex I and III subunits, with 69% of regulatory relationships showing pathway concordance. These results indicate a coordinated, system-wide mitochondrial adaptation in AF, integrating energy production, proteostasis, and respiratory chain regulation.

Healthier dietary habits are associated with lower depression and anxiety among medical students at a private university in Lima, Peru: A cross-sectional study

Introduction Anxiety and depression are common conditions among medical students. In recent years, numerous factors associated with these disorders have been investigated; however, evidence regarding the role of dietary habits remains limited. Objective To evaluate the association between dietary habits and the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among medical students at a private university in Lima, Peru. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 among medical students aged 18 years and older. Dietary habits were assessed using the Healthy Eating Index, while anxiety and depression were measured using the GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scales, respectively. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR). Results A total of 264 students were included. Only a minority had healthy dietary habits (1.1%), and the prevalences of anxiety (34.9%) and depression (45.1%) were high. For each additional point in the Healthy Eating Index, the prevalence of anxiety decreased by 3% (aPR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.98), while the prevalence of depression decreased by 2% (aPR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.99). Conclusion Dietary habits were inversely associated with the prevalence of anxiety and depression among medical students. These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy dietary patterns as part of comprehensive strategies for the prevention and promotion of mental health in this population.

Case 17-2026: A 74-Year-Old Man with Pancytopenia

Recycling pharmaceutical waste (vancomycin) as sustainable corrosion inhibition for API 5 L X60 carbon steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid: a combined electrochemistry and theoretical study

Intelligent automation cognitive system for accurate malaria diagnosis using digital blood smears

Malaria is a potentially fatal illness caused by a parasite of the genus Plasmodium that humans get by being bitten by female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying the infection. The incidence of malaria worldwide is disproportionately high in the African continent. Automated systems and cognitive analysis of digitized images of blood smears were used to diagnose Plasmodium malaria. This method is implemented in the Aidos intelligent system, which is easily accessible online. For the study, the database included images of 191 blood smears of patients infected with malaria and 227 images of blood samples from healthy patients. The images were digitized using the method developed by Professor Lutsenko E.V. The images were digitized for 12 light spectra. Then, spectral analysis of the blood smear images was carried out only for 18 new patients, and the duration was 10 seconds. The average similarity value of Plasmodium malaria recognition in patients was achieved at 66.965%. No false positive decisions were obtained for digitalized blood smears from healthy patients. The automated system-cognitive analysis of digitized blood smears provides instant diagnostic support. It allows medical workers with limited knowledge in microscopy and artificial intelligence to perform diagnostics.

Sudan Virus Disease in Uganda, 2025

A longitudinal analysis of generational shifts in professional men’s tennis across the open era

Abstract Professional men’s tennis has transformed significantly since the Open Era began in 1968, with shifts in playing styles, competition levels, and match patterns driven by advances in technology, training, and rules. However, systematic quantification of these changes remains unexplored. This study examines approximately 198,000 ATP matches from 1968 to 2025 through network analysis and machine learning techniques, applying concept drift methods to characterize temporal changes and understand how the sport has evolved across eras and court surfaces. Key findings include greater overall competitiveness, with more frequent upsets and fewer one-sided wins, as top-player dominance has spread more evenly across the field. Matches have grown longer by about 16.5 minutes on average since 1991, serves have become more effective (with 1.7 more aces per match and 2.4% higher win rates on serve points), and return effectiveness has declined by 2.4%. Court surfaces show increasing similarity, with grass courts converging toward the pace of other surfaces. These findings quantify the sport’s shift toward a more powerful, endurance-based game, amid advancements in racket technology and player conditioning. This research demonstrates the power of machine learning to uncover the evolutionary patterns of the tennis game.