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Atomic Spreading and Retraction of Supported Ultrasmall Alloy Nanoparticles under Reactive Oxygen at Elevated Temperatures

Task-Switch Related Reductions in Neural Distinctiveness in Children and Adults: Commonalities and Differences

Goal-directed behavior requires the ability to flexibly switch between task sets with changing environmental demands. Switching between tasks generally comes at the cost of slower and less accurate responses. Compared with adults, children often show greater switch costs, presumably reflecting the protracted development of the ability to flexibly update task-set representations. To test whether the distinctiveness of neural task-set representations is more strongly affected by a task switch in children compared with adults, we examined multivoxel patterns of fMRI activation in 88 children (8–11 years, 49 girls, 39 boys) and 52 adults (20–30 years, 27 women, 25 men) during a task-switching paradigm. Using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), we investigated whether task-set representations were less distinct on switch than on repeat trials across frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, and temporo-occipital regions. Children and adults showed lower accuracy and longer response times on switch than on repeat trials. Switch costs were similar across groups. Decoding accuracy was lower on switch than repeat trials, suggesting that switching reduces the distinctiveness of task-set representations. Reliable age differences in switch-related reductions of decoding accuracy were absent. More nuanced analyses using probability measures indicated that the distinctiveness of task sets was more affected by switch demand in children than in adults in a subset of frontal, cingulate, and temporal regions. These results point to a remarkable degree of maturity of neural representations of task-relevant information in late childhood along with more subtle region-specific age differences in the effects of task switching on rule representation.

Switching between Limiting Charge Extraction Regimes in an Illuminated Semiconductor–Metal–Organic Framework Junction

Theoretical Insight into Proton-Coupled Energy Transfer in an Anthracene-Phenol-Pyridine Triad

Reductively Induced Aryl Transmetalation: An Alternative Catalytically Relevant Ni-Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling Mechanism

Iridium-Catalyzed <i>Z</i>-Selective Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reaction via <i>Z</i>/<i>E</i> Kinetic Resolution

In-Cell Approach to Evaluate E3 Ligases for Use in Targeted Protein Degradation

Photoswitchable Arylazopyrazole-Functionalized Ag₈ Nanoclusters with Light-Modulated Photoluminescence

A Fast Neural Network for Isotopic Charge State Assignment

A Coupled Organic Solar Battery with 12.1% Efficiency

Chemotype- and Target-Driven Genome Mining for a New Natural Product Inhibitor of Bacterial Peptide Deformylase

Nonlinear Dendritic Integration Supports Up–Down States in Single Neurons

Changes in the activity profile of cortical neurons are due to effects at the scale of local and long-range networks. Accordingly, abrupt transitions in the state of cortical neurons—a phenomenon known as Up–Down states (UDS)—have been attributed to variation in the activity of afferent neurons. However, cellular physiology and morphology may also play a role in causing UDS. This study examines the impact of dendritic nonlinearities, particularly those mediated by voltage-dependent NMDA receptors, on the response of cortical neurons to balanced excitatory/inhibitory synaptic inputs. Using a neuron model with two segregated dendritic compartments, we compared cells with and without dendritic nonlinearities. NMDA receptors boosted somatic firing in the balanced condition and increased the correlation between membrane potentials across the compartments of the neuron model. Dendritic nonlinearities elicited strong bimodality in the distribution of the somatic potential when the cell was driven with cortical-like input. Moreover, dendritic nonlinearities could detect small input fluctuations and lead to UDS whose statistics and dynamics closely resemble electrophysiological data. UDS also occurred in recurrent networks with oscillatory firing activity, as in anaesthetized animal models, when dendritic NMDA receptors were partially disabled. These findings suggest that there is a dissociation between cellular and network-level features that could both contribute to the emergence of UDS. Our study highlights the complex interplay between dendritic integration and activity-driven dynamics in the origin of cortical bistability.

Pinpointing Chemomechanical Origins of Na Cathode Degradation

Overcoming the Electrolyte-Derived Interphase Through Sequential Reactions for Stable Lithium Metal Anode

Correction to “Self-Adaptive Release of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes from a Multifunctional Hydrogel for Accelerating MRSA-Infected Diabetic Wound Repair”

Identification of Actionable Targeted Protein Degradation Effector Sites through Site-Specific Ligand Incorporation-Induced Proximity (SLIP)

Unveiling Structure-Dynamic Processes in Crystals of 1D Cd(II) Coordination Polymers during the Elastic Flexible Events

Phonological Representations of Auditory and Visual Speech in the Occipito-temporal Cortex and Beyond

Speech is a multisensory signal that can be extracted from the voice and the lips. Previous studies suggested that occipital and temporal regions encode both auditory and visual speech features but their location and nature remain unclear. We characterized brain activity using fMRI (13 males and 11 females) to functionally and individually define bilateral fusiform face areas (FFA), the left word-selective ventral occipito-temporal cortex (word-VOTC), an audiovisual speech region in the left superior temporal sulcus (lSTS); and control regions in bilateral scene-selective parahippocampal place areas (PPA). In these regions, we performed multivariate pattern classification of corresponding phonemes (speech sounds) and visemes (lip movements). We observed that the word-VOTC and lSTS represent phonological information from both vision and sounds. The multisensory nature of phonological representations appeared selective to the word-VOTC, as we found viseme but not phoneme representation in adjacent FFA, while PPA did not encode phonology in any modality. Interestingly, cross-modal decoding revealed aligned phonological representations across the senses in lSTS, but not in word-VOTC. A whole-brain cross-modal searchlight analysis additionally revealed aligned audiovisual phonological representations in bilateral pSTS and left somato-motor cortex overlapping with oro-facial articulators. Altogether, our results demonstrate that auditory and visual phonology are represented in the word-VOTC, extending its functional coding beyond orthography. The geometries of auditory and visual representations do not align in the word-VOTC as they do in the STS and left somato-motor cortex, suggesting distinct representations across a distributed multisensory phonological network.

Simple Strategies to Quantify and Control Polymer Threading into Micropores

Validation and adaptation of a Turkish version of the dietarian identity questionnaire

Dietarian identity reflects an individual’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral orientation toward the consumption or avoidance of animal-based foods, including red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Dietarian Identity Questionnaire (DIQ) for Turkish-speaking populations by establishing its cultural and linguistic suitability and examining dietarian identity profiles among different dietary patterns. The DIQ was adapted into Turkish and administered via a web-based survey to 487 Turkish-speaking adults (Mean age = 28.9 ± 10.7 years; 34.7% male, 64.1% female, and 1.2% non-binary). Participants were categorized as omnivores, vegetarians, or vegans based on self-reported dietary exclusions. Structural validity was assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, while internal consistency, composite reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated through Cronbach’s alpha and average variance extracted. Group differences across dietary identity profiles were examined using ANOVA, and interrelationships among the DIQ-Turkish (DIQ-T) subscales were explored through Pearson correlation analysis. The results indicated that the eight-factor DIQ-T demonstrated a strong model fit (χ2 (465) =1841.45, p &lt; 0.001, CFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.914, RMSEA = 0.078, SRMR = 0.050), confirming its structural validity. Reliability analysis indicated high internal consistency across all subscales, and significant differences were observed between omnivores and vegan/vegetarian groups across multiple dimensions (p &lt; 0.001), highlighting distinct psychological and motivational patterns associated with dietarian identity. These findings support DIQ-T as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing dietarian identity, providing a valuable tool for researchers and health professionals investigating dietary behaviors and their potential implications for public health and nutrition interventions.