Browse Articles

Optimizing surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis through clinical pharmacist-led audit and feedback: Evidence from a Vietnamese tertiary hospital

The inappropriate use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) remains a common issue in Vietnam, posing a significant risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) and other adverse outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led audit–feedback (A&F) intervention, as part of an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program, on improving compliance with SAP guidelines. A prospective pre–post interventional study was conducted in the surgical departments of Saint Paul General Hospital. A multidisciplinary team, led primarily by clinical pharmacists, conducted audit–feedback activities on SAP practices from December 2023 to April 2024. The primary outcome was the overall compliance rate with SAP guidelines. Secondary outcomes included compliance with specific components: antibiotic selection, timing of administration, dosing, and duration of use. A total of 162 patients in the pre-intervention group and 147 in the post-intervention group were included. After two audit–feedback phases, overall compliance with SAP guidelines significantly increased from 60.49% to 76.87% (OR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.71–5.28). Notably, the most significant improvements were observed in the appropriateness of antibiotic selection and duration of use, increasing from 74.69% to 88.44% (OR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.40–4.89) and 72.84% to 88.44% (OR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.55–5.36), respectively. Conclusion, the audit–feedback intervention led by clinical pharmacists substantially improved compliance with SAP guidelines across several domains. This study provides pragmatic evidence from a tertiary hospital in Vietnam, demonstrating that audit–feedback is not only feasible but also impactful in resource-limited settings. Importantly, this approach could inform scalable AMS and infection prevention policies in other low-and middle-income countries.

Beyond resistance and tolerance: rethinking evolutionary responses to antibiotics from the perspective of individual bacterial cells

Correction: Design and implementation of a Targeted HealthcaRe InnoVation & Entrepreneurship (THRIVE) fellowship program

Selective Orbital Coupling‐Guided Coordination Engineering of Fe ₂ CoSe ₄ /Ti ₃ C ₂ Heterostructures for Efficient Chloride Capture in High‐Performance Capacitive Deionization

ABSTRACT Enhancing the selectivity and capacity of chloride capture is a fundamental challenge for high‐performance capacitive deionization (CDI). Here, a coordination engineering strategy guided by selective orbital coupling (SOC) theory is proposed for the rational design of superior chloride capture electrodes. A heterostructured Fe 2 CoSe 4 /Ti 3 C 2 featuring coexisting tetrahedral Fe and octahedral Co sites is synthesized as a model platform. This unique dual‐site geometry triggers significant charge transfer and electronic modulation, which synergistically tailors the discrete d ‐orbital states of the active Co sites. The resulting optimization in orbital energy and symmetry enhances selective hybridization with Cl − 3 p orbitals, while the concurrently increased soft‐acid character of the Co sites further promotes specific charge‐transfer interactions. Consequently, the Fe 2 CoSe 4 /Ti 3 C 2 electrode delivers outstanding desalination performance, including a high salt adsorption capacity of 140.5 mg g −1 , a fast average salt adsorption rate of 5.8 mg g −1 min −1 , a remarkable charge efficiency of 97.3% (in 2000 mg L −1 NaCl), and excellent long‐term stability. This work not only validates SOC as a powerful design principle for selective CDI electrodes but also establishes a generalizable paradigm to circumvent scaling relations through atomic‐scale coordination engineering, paving the way for precisely regulated ion‐adsorption energetics in advanced desalination technologies.

Affinity- and epitope-dependent pathogenicity of GM-CSF autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Assessment of agronomic traits in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) resistant maize (Zea mays) hybrids grown in the derived savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria

Maize production in Nigeria has increased in recent years, but fall armyworm infestation remains a major constraint to high productivity, particularly during the minor cropping season. Twenty-six fall armyworm-resistant maize hybrids and six commercial checks were evaluated for grain yield and other traits using an 8 × 4 alpha-lattice design with three replications. Data collected at key growth stages and harvesting were analyzed using R statistical software version 4.4.2. Hybrids exhibited significant (p < 0.05) differences for grain yield, plant aspect, ear aspect, southern corn leaf blight,  curvularia leaf spot and foliar fall armyworm damage at 8 and 12 weeks after planting. Notably, five experimental hybrids exhibited superior performance, combining high yield with desirable agronomic traits and low foliar fall armyworm damage. FAWSYN-1/(TZLComp. 1 C6-W-39-1-1)-B-B, followed closely by FAWSYN-1/IITATZI2305, FAWSYN-2/(TZLComp. 1 C6-W-39-1-1)-B-B, FAWSYN-1/TZISTR1121, and FAWSYN-3/IITATZI2305 exhibited the highest superiority indices across environments. When further tested for performance stability across more diverse agro-ecologies, the selected hybrids may be released as maize cultivars to mitigate fall armyworm attacks among Nigerian farmers.

Ultralong Room Temperature Phosphorescence of the Host in Host–Guest Doped Systems

ABSTRACT Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with long luminescence lifetimes and tunable properties are highly desirable for applications in optoelectronics, information encryption, and bioimaging. Although host–guest doping is an effective strategy to achieve high‐performance RTP in most systems, the RTP originates from the guest through host confinement and charge/energy transfer. Activating RTP from the host remains a significant challenge due to inefficient triplet exciton manipulation. Here, we successfully achieved ultralong host RTP (224 ms) in the host–guest doped systems with a controlled triplet state energy gap (Δ E T ) of 0.36–0.44 eV, which facilitates an endothermic reverse triplet–triplet energy transfer (rTTET) process from the guest to the host, and thereby promotes the repopulation of host triplet excitons. This process establishes a dynamic thermal equilibrium between forward triplet–triplet energy transfer (TTET) and rTTET, leading to thermally activated delayed phosphorescence from the host. As a result, the lifetime of the host's RTP is extended by 1120‐fold (from 0.2 to 224 ms). More importantly, the photoluminescence properties of the host's RTP can be systematically and predictably tuned by varying the Δ E T , temperature, and doping ratio. This work provides a mechanistic insight and paradigm into the design of RTP materials through intermolecular exciton dynamics.

Low-dimensional and optimised representations of high-level information in the expert brain

Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles released from endothelial cells in vitro reveals increased levels of E-selectin and dual specificity phosphatase 7 as a potential marker of TNFα-mediated apoptosis

Background Proteins can be actively packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) through mechanisms dependent on the stimulus that activated the cells. Identifying proteins released in endothelial EVs in response to stimuli relevant to cardiovascular disease (CVD) may therefore reveal potential biomarkers that provide information about the vascular endothelium. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in EVs released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in response to stimuli relevant to vascular endothelium activation. Methods and Results HUVEC were stimulated with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (10 ng/mL) or oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (10 µg/mL). Apoptosis was assessed using a flow cytometric DNA fragmentation protocol and caspase-3/7 activity assay. Size distributions of EVs were examined by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Isolated EVs were examined using tandem liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). While treatment of HUVEC with TNFα or oxLDL resulted in non-significant elevations in levels of EVs, only TNFα increased apoptosis. Mass spectrometry quantified 1355 proteins and revealed significant differences in the proteome of EVs from TNFα-treated HUVEC compared to EVs from oxLDL-treated or untreated cells. Several candidate biomarkers were significantly and differentially expressed in response to TNFα, including E-selectin and dual specificity phosphatase 7. Conclusions This study further associated E-selectin on endothelial-derived EVs with endothelial apoptosis and may offer a biomarker of endothelial damage in patients with CVD.

Stabilizing Ion Channels via Nonpolar Cross‐Linking in Ion‐Conductive Polymers for Robust CO ₂ ‐to‐Alcohol Conversion

ABSTRACT Efficient alcohol electrosynthesis from CO 2 relies on ion‐conductive polymers to mediate ion transport and maintain product separation. However, alcohol‐induced instability of ion channels within these polymers compromises electrolysis durability. Here we report a nonpolar cross‐linked polymer architecture that stabilizes ion channels in alcohol‐rich environments, enabling robust CO 2 ‐to‐alcohol conversion. Covalent integration of ion‐conductive poly(arylene) piperidinium into a nonpolar poly(styrene) network creates a hydrophobic scaffold that confines ion channels, locking them against alcohol‐induced swelling. The resulting structure retains over 97% of mechanical integrity after 1000 h of alcohol exposure, dramatically outperforming conventional poly(arylene) piperidinium that retains only 17% within 1 h. This excellent structural stability minimizes alcohol crossover and maintains efficient ion transport during electrolysis, sustaining continuous ethanol production with over 99% product retention and stable cell performance, whereas poly(arylene) piperidinium exhibits rapid failure. This work establishes nonpolar cross‐linking as a general strategy for constructing stable ion channels within ion‐conductive polymers, offering a molecular design approach for durable CO 2 ‐to‐alcohol electrolysis.

Awareness, attitudes, and barriers toward Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in Latin America: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study

Background Cardiac Amyloidosis (CA), specifically Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), is an under-recognized, progressive, and fatal disease. Comprehensive primary data describing awareness, attitudes, and barriers to treatment in Latin America (LATAM) are lacking, highlighting a gap between guidelines and real-world clinical practice. Methods A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based observational study was conducted among 470 physicians actively involved in patient management across 8 LATAM countries (June-August 2023). The study assessed their awareness, attitudes, and barriers concerning ATTR-CM. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results Limited knowledge of ATTR-CM was observed. Awareness of its pathophysiology was reported by 50.2%. Patients consulted 4–5 physicians before receiving a confirmed diagnosis. Cardiologists managed most day-to-day cases (76.2%). Transthyretin genetic testing was available to only 26.4%. Local treatment protocols relied on international guidelines (87.4%), with Real-World Data considered important by 60.6%. Patient cost and access to tafamidis were frequently reported barriers. Follow-up commonly relied on echocardiography, NT-pro BNP, NYHA classification, and ECG/Holter ECG. Conclusions Difficulties in ATTR-CM diagnosis and management in LATAM were influenced by varying knowledge levels, gaps in diagnostic algorithms, and significant access barriers. These factors contribute to delayed diagnosis and management. Enhanced, tailored training strategies and collaborative efforts are necessary to improve early diagnosis, effective treatment, and ultimately, patient outcomes in the region.

Deciphering Core Geometry for the Rational Design of Copper(I) Iodide Cluster Scintillators Toward Computed Tomography Imaging

ABSTRACT Scintillators are crucial for radiation detection and medical imaging, yet the simultaneous optimization of their luminescence efficiency, stability, and device compatibility via molecular design remains challenging. Here, we propose and demonstrate “coordination‐saturation isomerism” as a molecular‐design paradigm for systematically tuning the luminescence and scintillation properties of copper‐iodide clusters. By modulating the protonation state of a single A‐site cation (N‐methylpiperazine), we achieve three distinct structural modes: Ionic 1D chain (Ionic‐type Cu 2 I 5 ‐L 3 ) with excitation‐dependent dual emission; organic‐ligand saturation gives a rigid, highly symmetric 0D cluster (Coordination‐type‐ Cu 4 I 4 L 4 ) that exhibits efficient cyan emission (PLQY 86%) and outstanding scintillation performance (light yield 53,000 ph•MeV −1 ); and inorganic‐iodide‐assisted saturation results in a heterogeneous 0D cluster (“All‐in‐One” hybrid‐type Cu 4 I 6 L 2 ) with red‐shifted emission and lower efficiency. This strategy surpasses conventional dimensionality engineering, clearly revealing how structural evolution from ionic to covalent bonding and from organic to inorganic‐assisted saturation dictates excited‐state properties and device performance. A flexible scintillation film based on Cu 4 I 4 L 4 enables high‐resolution CT imaging, highlighting the potential of this material system for flexible x‐ray detection and imaging. This work provides a novel molecular blueprint for the precise design and performance regulation of metal‐halide optoelectronic materials.

Tooth loss and associated factors during periodontal maintenance care in young adults with Grade C Periodontitis at a tertiary care center in Kathmandu, Nepal

Background This study aimed to evaluate tooth loss attributable to periodontal disease during periodontal maintenance care (PMC) in young adults with Grade C Periodontitis and to identify factors associated with tooth loss. Methods A total of 63 patients (mean age: 29.49 ± 4.65 years) were included. All patients received non‑surgical periodontal therapy using a comprehensive full‑mouth disinfection protocol with adjunctive systemic antibiotics as part of active periodontal therapy (APT), delivered through an individualized treatment approach. Clinical assessments were performed after completion of APT (T1) and during PMC, T2. Multivariable Firth-penalized Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to identify factors associated with time to tooth loss. Results A total of 1,709 teeth (1,228 non-molars, 481 molars) were analyzed. Over a mean follow‑up period of 60 ± 2 months, 15 teeth were lost, corresponding to an overall tooth loss rate of 0.88% (0.048 teeth/patient/year). Bone loss <60%, Molar‑Incisor Grade C Periodontitis, and adherence to PMC were associated with greater tooth retention. The overall regression model was statistically significant (likelihood ratio test p = 0.0016). Bone loss exceeding 60% was associated with a significantly increased hazard of tooth loss (HR: 14.83; 95% CI: 1.98–1896.79; p  = 0.003), whereas compliant patients with PMC showed a significant protective association (HR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.10–0.79; p  = 0.016). Conclusion Tooth loss during PMC was minimal over 5 years. Severe periodontal bone loss and non‑compliance with maintenance care were associated with increased tooth‑loss risk. Long‑term retention of most teeth appears achievable through conservative periodontal management in young adults with Grade C Periodontitis.

Pre‐Crosslinked Network‐Mediated Dual Exchange Enables Boosting Chiroptical Activity and Decoupled Two‐Level Chirality in Covalent Organic Frameworks

ABSTRACT The construction of crystalline covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with strong and tunable chiroptical responses remains challenging due to rapid crystallization that limits effective chirality induction. Here, we report a pre‐crosslinked network‐mediated dual‐exchange strategy that enables both amplified chiroptical activity and decoupled multilevel chirality in β‐ketoenamine‐linked COFs. In this approach, monomers are first immobilized within a pre‐crosslinked amorphous imine network, which kinetically regulates subsequent framework formation. The crystallization proceeds through a dual‐exchange process involving concurrent amine and aldehyde exchange, thereby retarding reaction kinetics and prolonging the chirality induction window. As a result, the obtained COFs exhibit pronounced propeller‐like conformational chirality with dissymmetry factors (| g abs |) up to 0.071, representing an order‐of‐magnitude enhancement over conventional systems. Furthermore, by integrating supramolecular transcription, mesoscopic helicity and molecular chirality are decoupled and independently incorporated within a single framework. Their cooperative or antagonistic interplay leads to enhanced or attenuated chiroptical responses. This work provides a general strategy for boosting chiroptical activity and programming multilevel chirality in crystalline frameworks.

Electroretinography as a non-invasive biomarker for early detection of cognitive impairment in older adults: A scoping review protocol

Cognitive decline and dementia represent a growing global health challenge with an urgent need for accessible biomarkers to support early detection, monitoring, and timely intervention, particularly among marginalized populations who face persistent barriers to equitable access to specialized diagnostic and neurological care. Electroretinography (ERG), a non-invasive measure of retinal electrophysiological activity, has emerged as a potential visual biomarker given the retina’s structural and functional homology with the brain. Preliminary studies suggest associations between ERG abnormalities and cognitive impairment; however, the existing evidence base is limited and lacks sufficient consistency and integration to draw clear, definitive conclusions. The primary aim of this scoping review is to systematically characterize and synthesize existing evidence on the utility and efficacy of ERG as a visual biomarker of cognitive change and cognitive status in adults 50 years and over and identify research gaps. Specifically, the review will: (1) characterize study designs, populations, ERG modalities, parameters, and cognitive outcomes; (2) identify ERG components consistently associated with cognitive status or decline; (3) describe strategies for managing ophthalmic and systemic confounders; (4) locate longitudinal studies assessing prognostic or predictive utility; and (5) highlight methodological limitations, reporting gaps, and priority areas for future research. Following the Population–Concept–Context (PCC) framework, the review will include studies of older adults with cognitive impairment, or dementia, examining ERG modalities such as full-field, pattern, and multifocal ERG. All relevant and completed published studies in English language will be identified from MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) without date restrictions. The retrieved records will be managed in EndNote (version 2025), and in accordance with Covidence framework for scoping reviews, three reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts, and full texts. Data will be charted on study characteristics, ERG parameters, cognitive outcomes, and ERG-cognitive status associations. Collectively, this synthesis will provide clinicians and researchers with consolidated evidence on ERG–cognition relationships, clarify whether the evidence base supports further systematic review or meta-analysis, and generate methodological recommendations for future studies.

Adaptive Mg ²⁺ ‐Gating Membranes for Battery‐Grade Lithium Extraction

ABSTRACT Nanofiltration technology shows promise for lithium extraction from salt lakes, yet the fixed nanochannel size of conventional membranes proves insufficient for the complex demands of multi‐stage separation processes, especially given the drastic variations in Mg 2+ /Li + ratios. To address this issue, 4'‐Aminobenzo 15‐crown‐5‐ether (AB‐15C5) macrocycles were grafted onto the surface of polyamide (PA) membranes to fabricate adaptive Mg 2+ ‐gating membranes (PA‐15C5 membranes). The adaptive Mg 2+ ‐gating effect enables responsive dimensional switching of nanochannels through spatial rearrangement of crown ether under varying Mg 2+ concentrations, as evidenced by experimental confirmation achieved through molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) testing and Zeta potential analyses under ionic modulation conditions. Systematic theoretical validation from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further elaborates on this gating effect. This gating effect converts competing Mg 2+ ions into a separation advantage and extends applicability to ultralow Mg 2+ concentrations, achieving a Li + /Mg 2+ separation factor of 214.9 at a Mg 2+ /Li + molar ratio of 0.01. The three‐stage nanofiltration process effectively reduced the Mg 2+ /Li + ratio in brine to 4.0 * 10 – 4 , while achieving the extraction of battery‐grade lithium with a purity of 99.97%. This performance surpasses most reported state‐of‐the‐art, thereby establishing a novel paradigm for deploying adaptive gating membranes in lithium extraction from salt‐lake brines.

Association between Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)-related inflammatory biomarkers and prognosis in ICU Cirrhosis patients: Evidence from the MIMIC-IV

Objectives Cirrhosis signifies a critical phase in liver disease with high mortality, particularly in patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Red cell distribution width (RDW) demonstrates prognostic value in various conditions, with evidence linking it to inflammation and adverse outcomes in liver disease. However, the predictive utility of RDW and its derived indices in patients with cirrhosis admitted to ICU remains undetermined. This study investigated the associations between RDW-related biomarkers and prognosis in critically ill cirrhosis patients. Methods A retrospective analysis used data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database, including 1,871 adults with cirrhosis at first ICU admission. The analyzed biomarkers were RDW, RDW-to-albumin ratio (RAR), RDW-to-platelet ratio (RPR), and hemoglobin-to-RDW ratio (HRR). The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were 90-day, and 365-day mortality. Adjusted multivariate Cox regression models determined biomarker-mortality associations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses evaluated predictive performance of the biomarkers. Results The cohort had a mean age of 58.8 ± 12.3 years and 64.8% of the patients were male. The mortality rates were 31.8% (30-day), 39.3% (90-day), and 48.0% (365-day). Mortality was consistently higher in high versus low RDW groups. After multivariable adjustment, all biomarkers were independently associated with 30-day, 90-day, and 365-day mortality, respectively. When expressed per SD, RDW (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.30–1.52), RAR (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11–1.24), RPR (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11–1.28), and HRR (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.44–0.61) were each significantly associated with 30-day mortality. ROC analysis revealed RDW had the highest predictive value (AUC 63.3%), followed by HRR (AUC 61.7%), RAR (AUC 59.6%), and RPR (AUC 55.6%). RDW demonstrated the highest discriminative ability for 30-day mortality, with incremental predictive value when combined with established scores (absolute AUC increase 0.68–1.58%). Conclusion RDW-related biomarkers demonstrate statistically significant but modest associations with mortality in ICU cirrhosis patients. RDW and HRR showed the strongest predictive capabilities among the four indices, though standalone discrimination was limited. These accessible, cost-effective biomarkers may serve as adjunctive prognostic markers when combined with established scoring systems. However, further prospective validation is required before clinical implementation, and dynamic changes in these biomarkers warrant investigation in future studies.

Bending‐Induced Vibrational Landscape Reorganization Governs Energy Dissipation in Perylene Bisimides

ABSTRACT Structural distortion is widely recognized to suppress emissions in organic chromophores; however, the mechanistic origin of the associated enhancement in nonradiative decay remains unresolved. Here, we employ a series of perylene bisimide derivatives with systematically controlled bending to directly elucidate the structural origin of distortion‐enhanced nonradiative relaxation. A pronounced transition is observed from near‐unity emission to strongly enhanced nonradiative decay within the singlet manifold, while intersystem crossing remains negligible. Time‐resolved electronic spectroscopy excludes triplet‐mediated pathways and establishes internal conversion as the dominant decay channel. Crucially, time‐resolved Raman measurements provide direct insight into the underlying structural dynamics, revealing that bending suppresses the electronically coupled aromatic skeletal mode, reorganizes the low‐frequency vibrational manifold, and accelerates vibrational dephasing. The results herein demonstrate that bending enhances internal conversion not primarily through energy‐gap reduction, but by transforming the excited‐state vibrational landscape into a more dissipative environment that facilitates efficient energy relaxation. More broadly, this work identifies vibrational dissipation and coherence loss as key determinants of nonradiative decay and establishes a general structure–vibrational dynamics framework for controlling excited‐state energy flow in π‐conjugated systems.

Simulation study of the effect of fasteners on the attenuation of orbital ultrasonic guided waves

Ultrasonic guided wave technology offers advantages such as long-distance propagation and full-section detection for non-destructive testing of rails. However, operational rails are typically limited by fastener systems, resulting in increased guided wave energy attenuation and shorter propagation distances compared to free rails. Therefore, studying the mechanism by which fasteners influence guided wave attenuation is crucial. This paper presents a comprehensive three-dimensional solid fastener-rail contact mechanics and transient dynamics coupling model that considers the static action and complex contact relationship between fasteners and rails. The model uses an implicit-explicit combination method to simulate the propagation of guided waves in operational rails. This paper presents a simulation in which a preload force of 20 kN was applied to the fasteners, and the stress distribution of the model was analyzed. A transient analysis of the guided wave was performed under the preload force to investigate the influence of fasteners on guided wave attenuation in rails by comparing attenuation with and without fasteners. Additionally, this paper explores the impact of two contact types, penalty and motion, on wave attenuation in Abaqus/Explicit. The results demonstrate that fasteners significantly exacerbate wave attenuation in rails. The wave packet amplitude calculated using the penalty contact form is slightly greater than that calculated using the motion contact form, and this difference increases with propagation distance.

Ion‐Permselective Porous Organic Cage Membranes

ABSTRACT Porous organic cages (POCs) have emerged as a distinct class of molecular porous materials featuring precisely tunable pore architectures and exceptional solution processability, positioning them as promising platforms for membrane‐based ion separation. Their unique ability to synergistically combine structural confinement with tunable ion–channel interactions enables the selective separation of ions with closely similar sizes and physicochemical properties. This review provides a systematic overview of recent advances in POC‐based ion separation membranes, with an emphasis on molecular design, membrane fabrication, interfacial engineering, and the underlying separation mechanisms. Furthermore, it offers critical insights into emerging design principles and key challenges for achieving high‐performance membranes, thereby establishing a conceptual framework for the development of next‐generation ion separation systems.