Browse Articles
Discover research articles across all indexed journals
MAT-PointPillars: Enhanced PointPillars algorithm based on multi-scale attention mechanisms and transformer
Aiming at the problem that small and irregular detection targets such as cyclists have low detection accuracy and inaccurate recognition by existing 3D target detection algorithms, MAT-PointPillars (Multi-scale Attention and Transformer PointPillars), a 3D object detection algorithm, extends PointPillars with multi-scale vision Transformers and attention mechanisms. First, the algorithm employs pillar coding for semantic point cloud encoding and introduces an attention mechanism to refine the backbone’s upsampling process. Furthermore, the Transformer Encoder is introduced to improve the upsampling structure of the third stage of the backbone. On the KITTI dataset, our algorithm achieved 3D average detection accuracy (AP3D) of 81.15%, 62.02%, and 58.68% across three difficulty levels. Compared with the baseline model, the proposed algorithm improves AP3D by 2.44%, 1.19%, and 1.23% respectively. The real-time 3D object detection system is built based on ROS, and average running frames per second of the system is 22.63, which is higher than the sampling frequency of conventional LiDAR. By ensuring sufficient detection speed, the MAT-PointPillars algorithm can increase detection accuracy of cyclists in real-world scenarios.
Functional analysis within latent states: A novel framework for analysing functional time series data
Functional data analysis (FDA) enables modelling and interpretation of data represented as functions over a continuum like time, space, or frequency. This paper introduces the flawless analysis framework (FunctionaL Analysis Within LatEnt StateS), a nested FDA framework for analysing functional time series data. It provides comprehensive insights into the interplay between latent state characteristics, state occupancy dynamics, and functional attributes within states, while maintaining interpretability at each level. Applying flawless to functional time series of power spectral densities from electroencephalography (EEG) data from the Healthy Brain Network, we explore functional characteristics of resting state brain activity in n = 503 early adolescents aged 9 - 15 (X¯=11.5, SD = 1.7). We identify four functional latent states associated with variations in psychopathology and cognitive function. Bayesian regression models reveal important associations between the dynamics of latent state occupancy, functional traits within states, and relevant health measures. The integration of multiple FDA tools offers rich insights into functional and time-frequency characteristics of longitudinal data. For neuroscientific data this requires fewer assumptions about oscillatory peak frequencies, and captures more detailed frequency domain characteristics. flawless offers utility for novel and sophisticated insights into functional time series data across a range of areas for research and practice.
Survival benefit of radical prostatectomy in bone metastatic prostate cancer stratified by disease characteristics: A SEER-based retrospective analysis
Background The role of radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with newly diagnosed bone-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) remains insufficiently explored. Patients and methods Patients with newly diagnosed bone-metastatic PCa were retrospectively identified from the SEER-17 database and categorized into two groups based on local treatment: biopsy-only and RP. Notably, patients who had received radiotherapy were excluded due to the unavailability of radiotherapy target site details in the SEER database, which made it impossible to determine whether the radiotherapy was directed at metastatic lesions or the prostate. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) between the two groups. Subgroup analyses stratified by T stage, N stage, PSA levels, and ISUP grade were conducted to assess the impact of disease characteristics on the efficacy of RP. A risk score incorporating these disease characteristics (T stage, N stage, PSA level, ISUP grade) was assigned to each patient, and risk-stratified subgroup analyses were performed to further evaluate the relationship between the efficacy of RP and overall disease characteristics. Results A total of 9,243 patients were included in this study, of whom 8,949 (96.8%) underwent biopsy alone and 294 (3.2%) underwent RP. Patients who underwent RP had better CSS (adjusted HR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.23–0.44, p < 0.001; 5-year CSS rate: 83.0% vs. 44.5%) and OS (adjusted HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.26–0.45, p < 0.001; 5-year OS rate: 79.2% vs. 36.9%) compared with patients who underwent biopsy alone. The survival benefit persisted across all subgroups but were attenuated in patients with more advanced stage (T3 and N1) and higher grades of disease (PSA > 72.5 ng/ml and ISUP grade IV-V). Risk score analysis revealed diminishing benefits with increasing scores. Significant survival benefits were observed for scores 0–3 (all adjusted HR < 1, p < 0.05), whereas no survival differences were detected at the highest risk score (CSS: adjusted HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 0.54–5.65, p = 0.356; OS: adjusted HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.48–5.04, p = 0.456). Conclusion Survival benefits of RP in de novo bone metastatic prostate cancer are modulated by disease characteristics, with attenuated effects in advanced/high-grade disease. Risk-stratified patient selection is critical, and prospective studies are needed to validate optimal candidacy for RP.
Coping strategies of Ghanaian couples after unsuccessful infertility treatment: An exploratory qualitative study
Background Psychological distress and social burdens associated with infertility among couples have been well-documented. However, little is known about the specific coping strategies employed by couples in low-middle-income countries such as Ghana, in the aftermath of unsuccessful infertility treatment attempts. In this qualitative study, we explored specific coping strategies patients adopt to address psychological distress related to unsuccessful treatment for infertility. Methods A semi-structured interview approach was used to elicit qualitative responses from 18 fertility clients after unsuccessful treatment at four fertility clinics in Ghana. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to examine the coping strategies adopted by participants in response to psychological distress associated with infertility treatment failures. This allowed us to explore potential culturally specific coping strategies employed by participants in response to infertility-related psychological distress. Results The themes that emerged as coping strategies in response to infertility-related psychological distress were diversional activities, intrapersonal cognitive reframing, social isolation, familial support, religious coping, avoidance-focused coping strategies, seeking encouragement, and professional help. Conclusion The findings from this study indicate that coping strategies that involve isolating oneself may not provide lasting emotional relief for individuals experiencing infertility. Relational activities contribute positively to coping. This is relevant in helping health professionals in the management of infertility treatment failures, which may include setting up support groups of similar experiences to draw strength from each. Furthermore, the results underscore the need to integrate psychological interventions into the counseling of couples following an unsuccessful infertility treatment. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
High-accuracy spinal alignment monitoring using the head angle and visual distance in computer users
Study Design A Prospective Validation Study. Objectives To validate a novel, noninvasive method for estimating the spinal sagittal alignment during seated computer work, using the head angle (HA) and visual distance (VD) as primary parameters. Methods A 3D motion analysis system measured HA and VD in 21 healthy volunteers. The relationship between these parameters and spinal sagittal alignment, as determined by body surface markers, was investigated. To validate this method, radiographic measurements were taken in a separate group of 32 patients to confirm the link between body surface landmarks and actual spinal alignment. Additional variables, including gender, age, height, and weight, were incorporated into the model to improve accuracy. Results HA and VD showed significant correlations with spinal sagittal alignment, particularly for the cervical spine (C2-C7). Incorporating demographic factors further enhanced the predictive accuracy. Radiological validation confirmed that body surface marker-based measurements are closely aligned with standard radiographic indices widely used in spine surgery. Conclusions This study introduces a reliable and practical method for continuously monitoring spinal sagittal alignment in seated computer users. The approach demonstrates high accuracy, particularly for the cervical spine and holds promise for the development of posture-monitoring technologies to help prevent neck and back pain associated with prolonged computer use.
Prevalence, pathogenic bacteria, and risk factors associated with pediatric sepsis among under five children in a rural district hospital in Rwanda
Background Pediatric sepsis poses a significant health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, with limited data on prevalence and pathogen profiles. This study determined the prevalence of pediatric sepsis, identified bacterial pathogens, and evaluated associated risk factors among children aged 1–59 months at Butaro Hospital, Rwanda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to December 2022. The study included 114 children aged 1–59 months with suspected sepsis admitted to the pediatric ward at Butaro Hospital. Blood cultures were analyzed, and risk factors assessed using multiple logistic regression. Data were analyzed using Stata 17. Results Of 114 enrolled children, 60.5% (n = 69) had positive blood cultures (95% CI: 51.2–69.1). Among these 69 children, the majority were females, 70.0% (n = 35) (95% CI: 53.7–81.3) and below 6 months 68.1% (n = 15) (95% CI: 45.3–84.7). Pathogenic bacteria identified were Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS), 59.4% (n = 41) and Staphylococcus aureus, 40.6% (n = 28). Female gender (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0–5.4, p = 0.045) and leukocytosis (AOR = 6.0, 95% CI: 2.0–20.2, p = 0.003) were the risk factors for sepsis. Conclusions The study reveals a high prevalence of sepsis among children under-five, especially females and less than 6 months with female gender and diagnosis with leukocytosis being a significant risk factor. Diagnostic strategies should focus on WBC counts to better manage at-risk children. These single-center study results however may not be broadly representative due to regional and resource differences, but they offer valuable insights for improving pediatric care in similar low-resource settings.
Enhanced power density in solid oxide fuel cells using nickel-assisted gadolinium-doped ceria anodes
This study demonstrates the use of Gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) (Ce₀.Gd₀.₂O₂) as the anode, BaNb₄MoO₂₀ (BNMO) as the electrolyte, and Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide (LSCO) (La₀.Sr₀.₄CoO₃) as the cathode in the fabrication of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology assessment. DC conductivity measurements revealed that LSCO exhibited a high conductivity of 5.2 S/cm, attributed to the efficient flow of electrons through the electrolyte, highlighting its potential as a promising cathode material. Nyquist plots displayed semi-circular arcs, which correspond to distinct electrochemical processes within the system. The diameter of these arcs reflects the charge transfer resistance, primarily due to grain boundary resistance, while the initial resistance preceding the arc is associated with the bulk properties of the electrolyte. Beyond the first semicircle, diffusion resistance increases with frequency as a result of electrode polarization. It was also observed that the cell voltage dropped in discrete steps when the current density reached 200 mA/cm2. Specifically, the voltage decreased from 0.75 V to 0.53 V at 500°C, and from 0.98 V to 0.73 V at 800°C, likely due to charge transfer resistance at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The power density curve indicated that the cell achieved power densities of approximately 0.094, 0.118, 0.146, and 0.184 W/cm2 at operating temperatures of 500, 600, 700, and 800°C, respectively, demonstrating favorable performance for an SOFC employing BNMO as the electrolyte.
Development and feasibility of a driving training program for Autistic student drivers
Driving licencing rates remain lower for autistic individuals capable of driving a motor vehicle, which can limit achieving independence in community mobility. However, there is limited autism-specific guidance in current driver training. The development and evaluation of the feasibility of an autism-specific Driving Training Program (DTP) intervention was conducted to improve the likelihood that autistic student drivers will safely and successfully learn to drive a motor vehicle and gain a driver’s licence. The DTP intervention was developed using a modified stepped approach for developing complex skills-based interventions. The Goals for Driving Education framework for explaining driving training behaviour modification formed the foundation of the intervention. A small-scale study was conducted using a single group pre-post-test design (n = 5), followed by semi-structured interviews and a survey (n = 12) to evaluate the feasibility of intervention components and participant acceptability. The driving performance of the autistic student drivers significantly improved, demonstrating the feasibility of the DTP intervention for training autistic student drivers to learn to drive. Participants also found the intervention acceptable, with program component refinement suggested. The DTP intervention is feasible for a larger randomised controlled trial after modifying highlighted program components.
Heavy metal distribution and ecological risk in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea
Heavy metal contamination in marine sediments poses significant ecological risks, particularly in semi-enclosed seas like the Bohai Sea, where limited water exchange exacerbates pollution retention. Heavy metals are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, making their assessment crucial for environmental management. This study investigated the spatial distribution, seasonal dynamics, and potential ecological risks of heavy metal contamination in the central Bohai Sea, with an emphasis on regulatory interventions and anthropogenic influences. The annual average concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in surface sediments were 15.951, 32.556, 15.234, 0.250, 0.028 and 2.628 mg/kg, respectively, all below China’s Class I Marine Sediment Quality Standards. Seasonal variations revealed peak concentrations in August for Zn, Pb, Hg and As, likely driven by increased terrestrial inputs and hydrodynamic conditions. Cd exhibited the highest ecological risk, with a single-factor risk index exceeding 30 in May, followed by Hg, Pb, Cu, As and Zn. The comprehensive pollution index remained below 5 across all seasons, indicating overall low pollution levels. However, localized exceedances of Class I standards for Cu, Pb and Cd were observed, particularly in summer and autumn. Spatially, metal concentrations were higher near industrial and riverine discharge zones, with anthropogenic sources such as petrochemical industries, aquaculture, and urban runoff contributing significantly. This study highlighted seasonal and spatial heterogeneity in heavy metal contamination in the central Bohai Sea, emphasizing the influence of industrial activities and hydrodynamic processes. While overall pollution levels were low, the high ecological risk associated with Cd underscores the need for continued monitoring and targeted pollution control measures. Strengthening enforcement of industrial regulations, improving sediment management, and addressing seasonal fluctuations in pollutant inputs were critical for mitigating future risks. These findings provided a scientific foundation for sustainable marine environmental management and policy formulation in the Bohai Sea.
Predicting trajectories of the north star ambulatory assessment total score in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
The North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) is a widely used functional endpoint in drug development for ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Accurately predicting NSAA total score trajectories is important for designing randomized trials for novel therapies in DMD and for contextualizing outcomes, especially over longer-term follow-up (>18 months) when placebo-controlled studies are infeasible. We developed a prognostic model for NSAA total score trajectories over at most 5 years of follow-up for patients with DMD aged 4 to <16 years who were initially ambulatory and receiving corticosteroids but no other disease-modifying therapies. The model was based on longitudinal data from four natural history databases: UZ Leuven, PRO-DMD-01 (provided by CureDuchenne), the North Star Clinical Network, and iMDEX. Candidate predictors included age, height, weight, body mass index, steroid type and regime, NSAA total score, rise from floor velocity, and 10-meter walk/run velocity, as well as DMD genotype class, index year, and data source. Among N = 416 patients at baseline, mean age was 8.2 years, mean NSAA total score was 24, and 61% were receiving prednisone and 39% deflazacort, with the majority having been treated with daily corticosteroid regimens (69%) relative to other regimens (31%). Patients had an average of four NSAA assessments post-baseline during a median follow-up of 2.6 years (inter-quartile range 1.9 to 3.6 years). The best-fitting model in the full study sample explained 39% of the variation in NSAA total score changes, with prediction errors of ±3.6, 5.1, 5.9, 7.5, 9.5 NSAA units during follow-up years 1–5, respectively. The most important predictors were baseline age, NSAA, rise from floor velocity, and 10-meter walk/run velocity. In conclusion, trajectories of ambulatory motor function in DMD, as measured by the NSAA total score, can be well-predicted using readily available baseline characteristics. We discuss applications of these predictions to DMD drug development.