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Transparent AI-driven personalized risk prediction system for acute kidney injury after total hip arthroplasty
Steering H2O2 lysis pathway for ROS generation in Prussian blue nanozymes via alkali cation doping
Spatiotemporal modelling and monitoring of harmful algal blooms using IoT in Lake Victoria Basin Kenya
Abstract The escalating global concern of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in aquatic environments, poses significant challenges in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). The impacts of HABs extend beyond increased waterborne diseases, causing high aquaculture mortality, diminished aesthetic appeal, elevated drinking water treatment costs, and negative effects on tourism and gross domestic product (GDP). Traditional HAB assessment methods involving field sampling and laboratory analysis are inefficient due to their labor intensiveness and cost. This study introduces a novel approach, combining near real-time satellite remote sensing with a low-cost in-situ internet of things (IoT) system that adds a layer of real-time data collection and timely reporting. The method utilizes the ocean color algorithm and the mono-window lake surface air temperature (LSAT) algorithm, enabling widespread detection and mapping of cyanobacteria-induced HABs with a 30 m spatial resolution landsat imagery. The research involved deployment of immobile in-situ IoT system for continuous near real-time LSAT monitoring at select locations which were as well Kenya marine and fisheries research institute (KMFRI) HAB sampling sites that were prone to early HAB occurrence. From 2015 to 2020, the study used Landsat 8 data to monitor chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations as proxies for HABs. The Ocean Colour 2 algorithm, combined with landsat 8 thermal infrared (TIR) sensor data, estimated LSAT during blooms. Results are validated against datasets from Copernicus’ Sentinel-3 and national aeronautics and space administration’s (NASA) moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) missions. Findings showed significant increases in Chl-a values (31 to 57.1 Mg/M 3 ) and LSAT (35.1 to 36.6 °C) during blooms, while unaffected areas had lower Chl-a concentration values ranging from (−1.2 to 16.4 mg/m 3 ) and corresponding lower LSAT values of (16.9 to 28.7 °C). Validation using sentinel-3 ocean and land colour instrument (OLCI) and MODIS data confirmed the algorithm’s reliability with coefficients of determination (R 2 ) ranging from 0.837 to 0.899 for sentinel 3-OLCI and 0.667 to 0.821 for MODIS datasets. An automated IoT powered in-situ system for LSAT monitoring reported abnormally higher average temperature rises (to the above scores, against the normal 25.4 °C), for potential real-time HAB alerts.
A full-featured 2D flash chip enabled by system integration
Copper integrative catalytic pairs with mixed-valence Cu2+-Cu3+ Species for selective alkyne conversion
Abstract Achieving specific orbital activation of C ≡ C by controlling the precise atomic architecture of supported metals is crucial for the selective transformation of alkynes. However, its physical mechanism remains a subject of debate. Herein, we construct a well-defined O-bridged CuN 3 -O-CuN 3 integrative catalytic pairs (Cu ICPs) based on Kirkendall effect. As a result, Cu ICPs with mixed Cu 2+ -Cu 3+ species demonstrate >99% conversion and >550 h stability in acetylene hydrochlorination (simulated industrial reaction conditions), showcasing unparalleled performance in the liquid-phase hydrochlorination of five alkynes as well. A combined experimental and theoretical analyses reveal selective coupling between the d xz / d yz orbitals of Cu ICPs and the σ orbitals of C ≡ C in C 2 H 2 , leading to the formation of highly reactive di- σ -HC = CH intermediate. Additionally, the presence of the bridged-O species promotes HCl dissociation, altering the addition pathway from the classical Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism to a Cl•-trigged Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism, ultimately reducing the intrinsic energy barrier for addition, and breaking the universal standard electrode potential linear scaling relations.
The significance and role of the receptor and inflammatory factors in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Reply to: On anisotropy in cubic Cu2O photoelectrodes
Machine learning predicts meter-scale laboratory earthquakes
Discrete-time Mittag–Leffler state estimation for fractional-order quaternion memristive neural networks
Collective intelligence in animals and robots
CTTN overexpression in HNSCC inhibits Anoikis-apoptosis
Bistable and absolute switching driven by superconducting exchange coupling
First field evidence of aerosolised SGPV, ISAV-HPR0, and IPNV in Atlantic salmon RAS highlights transmission and biosecurity risks
Abstract Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) are closed-containment systems (CCS) offering biosecure, water-efficient farming conditions, yet pathogen transmission remains a critical concern. While horizontal transmission in water is well-documented in RAS, the potential for aerosol-mediated transmission remains underexplored. The current study was conducted at two commercial Faroese Atlantic salmon RAS smolt farms. At Smolt farm 1, aerosolised pathogens were monitored using two aerosol samplers (Coriolis+ and Coriolis Compact, Bertin Technologies SAS, France), along with water and fish swab samples, to evaluate pathogen dynamics. A sequential infection pattern was observed, beginning with salmon gill pox virus (SGPV), followed by non-virulent infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV-HPR0), piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1), and sporadic detections of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum . All pathogens were detected in aerosol samples, with the highest detection rates and pathogen loads at the biofilter room compared to the local tank degassers. Detection trends for SGPV and ISAV-HPR0 in aerosols reflected those in fish and water samples. Coriolis+ performed marginally better compared to Coriolis Compact in reflecting the infection dynamics. Viable IPNV was not isolated from initial aerosol samples at Smolt farm 1, though bacterial culture identified relevant colonies for Atlantic salmon RAS. Targeted aerosol sampling for IPNV at Smolt farm 2 post IPNV outbreak produced IPNV-specific cytopathic effects in cell lines from Coriolis Compact aerosol samples, marking the first field-based evidence of viable aerosolised IPNV from a RAS. The current study extends our previous work by introducing anaesthetic water as a refined, non-invasive surveillance method, whilst providing the first field-based evidence of Atlantic salmon viruses in RAS aerosols, which signals the potential for airborne transmission and emphasises the need for strict biosecurity measures.
Childhood gut microbiome is linked to internalizing symptoms at school age via the functional connectome
Abstract The microbiome-gut-brain-axis plays a critical role in mental health. However, research linking the microbiome to brain function is limited, particularly during development, when tremendous plasticity occurs and many mental health issues, like depression and anxiety, initially manifest. Further complicating attempts to understand interactions between the brain and microbiome is the complex and multidimensional nature of both systems. In the current observational study (N = 55), we use sparse partial least squares to identify linear combinations of brain networks (brain signatures) derived from resting state fMRI scans at age 6 years that maximally covary with internalizing symptoms at age 7.5 years, before identifying microbe abundances (microbial profiles) derived from 16S rRNA sequencing of stool samples at age 2 years that maximally covary with those brain signatures. Finally, we test whether any early microbial profiles are indirectly associated with later internalizing symptoms via the brain signatures, highlighting potential microbial programming effects. We find that microbes in the Clostridiales order and Lachnospiraceae family are associated with internalizing symptoms in middle childhood through connectivity alterations within emotion-related brain networks.
Poly(A) tail dynamics, non-adenine incorporation and alternative polyadenylation shape the host transcriptome in COVID-19 pathogenesis
Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact since its emergence in late 2019. Characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, COVID-19 has necessitated extensive research into the host-pathogen interactions that drive disease progression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic interventions and preventative strategies. This study employed a multi-omic approach that combined direct RNA sequencing (DRS) and Illumina cDNA sequencing to investigate whole blood transcriptomic profiles in COVID-19 patients. By leveraging the unique capabilities of Nanopore DRS, which provides long-read sequencing data, we were able to capture not only gene expression levels but also crucial poly(A) tail length fluctuations and non-adenine residue (non-A) modifications. This comprehensive analysis allowed us to identify differentially expressed genes and explore the impact of these poly(A) modifications on function within the context of COVID-19. Findings reveal significant alterations in gene expression patterns, poly(A) tail lengths and non-A modifications in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Results provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between viral infection, host immune response, and RNA processing, contributing to a deeper understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis.
From MRI to Ozempic: breakthroughs that show why fundamental research must be protected
Single rate-limiting event of carcinogenesis
Abstract Single-cell studies have discovered abundant cancer-associated genetic/phenotypic changes in non-cancerous cells, strikingly contrasting with the infrequency of cancer. Epidemiological data have revealed decades-long plateaus of breast cancer incidence in the contralateral breast and twins/relatives following the first/proband’s diagnosis, unlike the well-known continuous increase of population-level incidence with age, the latter ostensibly attributable to the successive accumulation of multiple genetic/epigenetic changes necessary for transformation. Here, we explain these contradicting observations by differentiating cell-level, individual-level, and population-level evidence. First, we show the same decades-long incidence plateau for renal-cell carcinoma in the contralateral kidney following the first diagnosis, expanding the individual-level evidence from breast cancer. We then consider somatic evolution and cell competition in stem-cell compartments and their bounded nature in ageing as a hypothesized mechanism for the abundant cancer-associated cell-level changes and the prolonged constancy of individual-level incidence. Individual-specific propensity with heritable/familial components underlies this process, with which we show congruence between individual-level’s constant incidence vs. population-level’s increasing incidence. The resulting postulate, an extension of one by Peto and Mack 25 years ago, distinguishes the last multistage “hit” as the critically rate-limiting event in carcinogenesis. Its supporting evidence calls for a reappraisal of the precise nature of multistage carcinogenesis in cancer biology.