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ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dot hybrid film organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor for high-efficiency neuromorphic computing
Optoelectronic synaptic transistors have great potential for application in neuromorphic computing, and by integrating sensing and computing capabilities onto a single optoelectronic synaptic transistor, it is expected to overcome the inherent limitations of computing based on the von Neumann architecture. This paper reports an electrolyte gate-controlled organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor. The device uses polyacrylic acid with an electric double layer effect as the gate dielectric layer and a solution method ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dot and poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-dione pyrrole-pyrrole-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thienyl)[3,2-b]thienyl] hybrid film as the semiconductor layer. By taking advantage of the excellent light absorption properties and good charge transport performance of the hybrid film, the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers can be significantly improved. This results in efficient photoelectric conversion. Taking advantage of this unique feature, the device successfully simulated typical synaptic functions as well as long-term characteristics, enabling the switching of multiple logical functions, supporting Pavlovian conditioned reflex simulation and visual object recognition simulation, with handwritten digit recognition accuracy reaching 91.6%. This work offers broad prospects for photoelectric pulse modulation based on organic synaptic devices and shows great potential in the development of artificial intelligence.
Correction: The oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum modifies corn stover alkali lignin
Author Correction: E3 ligase FBXW7 is critical for RIG-I stabilization during antiviral responses
Near-ultraviolet resonant-cavity light-emitting diode grown on Si
Near-ultraviolet (NUV) light sources offer a range of notable advantages in industrial, scientific, and medical fields. In this study, we successfully fabricated AlGaN-based NUV resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs) directly grown on Si substrates and designed for operation at 369.5 nm. A nanoporous AlGaN distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) was successfully fabricated by electrochemical etching as the bottom reflector, demonstrating a central wavelength of 370 nm and a peak reflectance as high as 99%. The influence of the resonant cavity effect on device performance was investigated by varying the number of the deposited dielectric DBR pairs as the top reflector. Under electrical injection, the device with seven pairs of SiO2/Ta2O5 dielectric DBR demonstrated single-longitudinal-mode emission at a peak wavelength of 369.8 nm, with a full width at half maximum of approximately 1.8 nm, exhibiting exceptionally high spectral purity. The NUV RCLED developed in this study provides valuable insights for the development and application of next-generation NUV light sources.
Comparative analysis of immunogenicity of Chinese MMR and MR vaccines following primary vaccination in infants in Gansu Province
Dual-site single-atom catalysts achieve directional adsorption-oxidation control for enhanced photo-Fenton-like reactions
<i>In situ</i> spectroscopic ellipsometry for atomic layer processes on III–V interfaces using critical points
Plasma-enhanced atomic layer processing of III–V semiconductors requires precise control of plasma–surface interactions to achieve clean oxide-free interfaces, but conventional characterization methods are too slow to guide rapid process optimization. This work demonstrates an in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry methodology used as a rapid, model-light probe of III–V surface quality during plasma exposure. Monitoring the amplitude of the E0′ critical point from the pseudodielectric function is used as a metric of surface cleanliness. This methodology is demonstrated with Ar and Ar:H2 plasmas where the behavior of the E0′ amplitude is correlated with InAs surface modification using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe an increase in E0′ with the removal of arsenic oxides in both plasmas that is confirmed by XPS and AFM roughness maps indicating that the response is dominated by interface chemistry rather than morphology. In Ar:H2 plasmas, E0′ transients exhibit an initial increase followed by a roll-over that marks the onset of metallic indium formation, which appears to be more sensitive to the presence of metallic indium on the surface than XPS. The methodology defines practical process boundaries in an accelerated manner when compared to the typical characterization process flows involving systematic characterization of large sample sets using time-intensive techniques such as XPS and AFM. Simplifying ellipsometric tracking of a small set of critical-point metrics in situ provides real-time feedback and aids in down-selection within large plasma parameter spaces and enables rapid optimization of plasma surface treatments in atomic layer processing.
Gene expression and machine learning techniques uncover corneal biomarkers associated with oxidative stress in the myopia progression
Abstract This study aimed to identify and validate corneal biomarkers underlying myopia using human corneal tissues. Gene expression data were analyzed to investigate myopia development, where candidate genes were selected by identifying differentially expressed genes and intersecting them with oxidative stress-related genes. Machine learning techniques were employed to identify key biomarkers, and a nomogram was constructed to predict myopia risk. Utilizing corneal stromal tissues from patients who undergoing Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) surgery, the expression levels of ATF3, GRIN2B, and GSTM3 were found to be significantly lower in the high myopia group (≤ -6.00 D) compared to the low myopia group (≥ -3.00 D and < 0 D). These biomarkers were also found to be closely associated with differential immune cell infiltration, particularly involving CD8 + T cells and eosinophils. A diagnostic nomogram was developed and showed strong discriminative potential in the discovery set. However, its predictive performance and clinical utility should be further validated in independent cohorts. ATF3, GRIN2B, and GSTM3 have emerged as promising oxidative stress-related biomarkers with significant potential for understanding myopia pathology.
Early life bacteria and sibling exposure associate with restoration of the infant gut microbiome after cesarean section
Abstract Long-term gut microbiome perturbation following Cesarean section (CS) delivery has been associated with an increased risk of developing childhood asthma. Whether such CS-associated microbiome composition can be modulated by environmental exposures or ecological interactions, and thereby mitigate disease risk, is unclear. In the COPSAC 2010 birth cohort (N = 700), we develop a restoration score quantifying the degree to which the 1-year gut microbiome resembled that of vaginally delivered infants. We identify predictors of this restoration score in the 1-week gut microbiome. In addition, having older siblings is linked to a higher restoration score, mediated by increased abundances of restoration-associated bacteria. The restoration score, including association with delivery mode, older siblings and later asthma as well as early bacterial drivers, is successfully replicated in the independent Canadian birth cohort, CHILD. These insights suggest that specific early-life bacteria and sibling exposure may support microbiome restoration and confer protective effects against asthma risk.
Laser-induced ultrasound via broadband absorption in Al-nanoparticle-embedded nanoporous alumina
To address the limitations of single-wavelength absorption at the resonant peak in metal-based photoacoustic materials, a composite structure of aluminum nanoparticle-nanoporous anodic alumina oxide array (AAO-Al NPs) with broadband absorption characteristics is proposed. The combined effect of local surface plasmon resonance from Al nanoparticles of varying sizes and surface plasmon polarization resonance from the Al film significantly enhances light absorption to 93.5% in the 400–1100 nm wavelength range. By comparing the performance of devices with different pore sizes and thicknesses, it was found that larger pore sizes and thinner films enhance the photoacoustic signal strength. Under excitation by a 532 nm pulsed laser with a fluence of 20.5 mJ/cm2, an AAO-Al NPs-PDMS photoacoustic transducer with a 200 nm pore size and a 15 μm thickness, featuring a 120 nm Al film deposited on one side of the AAO surface, generated a positive sound pressure of 2.3 MPa, a −6 dB bandwidth of 20.9 MHz, and a photoacoustic conversion efficiency of 0.12%. Moreover, the 1064 nm wavelength can also effectively excite acoustic signals from the sample. These results strongly suggest that self-assembled metal nanoparticles in nanoporous AAO arrays are promising for broadband laser-excited photoacoustic ultrasound applications.
IMFLKD: an incentive mechanism for decentralized federated learning based on knowledge distillation
Abstract Knowledge Distillation-based Federated Learning (KD-FL) has garnered significant attention as one of the core technical pathways for next-generation Federated Learning (FL), owing to its communication efficiency, privacy preservation, and strong robustness. Meanwhile, to further reduce reliance on a central server, blockchain-enabled KD-FL architectures have become a research hotspot. However, designing an effective incentive mechanism that encourages participants to consistently contribute high-quality knowledge remains a fundamental challenge for ensuring the system’s long-term sustainability. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Incentive Mechanism for decentralized FL based on Knowledge Distillation (IMFLKD). First, we design a two-stage evaluation method, combining smart contract-based label aggregation and peer-wise comparison, that enables accurate client model quality estimation and fair reward allocation without increasing time complexity. Second, we establish a multi-dimensional dynamic reputation system based on the Subjective Logic model, incorporating metrics such as data quality, activity level, and stability to identify high-value participants and incentivize sustained, high-quality contributions across multiple FL rounds rather than short-term opportunistic behavior. Finally, we integrate these components into a decentralized, blockchain-enabled KD-FL framework. Experimental results demonstrate that IMFLKD achieves superior performance in contribution assessment accuracy, computational overhead, and resilience against malicious attacks, showcasing strong practicality and reliability.
Deep homology and design of proteasome chaperone proteins in Candidozyma auris
Wafer-scale dry transfer of graphene via thermally removable Sb2O3 sacrificial layer
Wafer-scale integration of graphene onto technologically relevant substrates demands transfer methodologies that preserve intrinsic electronic properties while maintaining manufacturing scalability. We present a residue-minimized dry transfer strategy employing Sb2O3 as a thermally removable sacrificial layer for 4-in. graphene wafer integration. Sb2O3 deposited on single-crystal graphene/Ge(110) enables mechanical exfoliation and deterministic placement onto SiO2/Si substrates without polymer–graphene contact. Raman spectroscopy confirms elimination of Sb2O3 phonon modes while preserving graphene crystallinity, with wafer-scale mapping demonstrating I2D/IG = 2.8 and minimal charge doping. Non-contact terahertz time-domain spectroscopy validates carrier mobility μ = 3205 cm2/(V s) and carrier density Ns = 1.69 × 1013 cm−2. Critically, wafer-scale terahertz mapping with high-density spatial sampling (2681 points, 2 mm spacing) reveals uniformity of carrier concentration (CV:34%) and mobility (CV:39%), providing statistical insight into spatial correlations and defect distributions inaccessible through conventional device-based characterization. This approach circumvents polymer contamination and aqueous processing inherent to wet transfer methods, offering a scalable pathway for two-dimensional material integration.
Propolis nanoemulsion and mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium promote osteoblastogenesis against lipopolysaccharide-induced osteolysis in hyperglycemic rats
Cell neighborhood topology directs rare cell population identification
Abstract Advances in single-cell and spatial technologies have transformed the dissection of cell composition and tissue architecture in complex biological systems. However, identifying rare cells critical to disease pathogenesis and biological processes remains difficult, as their low abundance often masks them among dominant cell populations. We introduce RareQ, a fast and scalable framework for rare cell detection by evaluating cliquishness of each cell’s k -nearest neighborhood using single-cell omics data. Extensive benchmarking on diverse simulated and real datasets demonstrates that RareQ exceeds existing methods in accuracy, sensitivity, and efficiency. RareQ also excels at identifying both modality-specific and shared rare cells. Its versatility across various biological contexts enables the discovery of functionally distinct rare cells with unique molecular signatures in physiological and pathological context. RareQ’s application to spatial transcriptomics data reveals anatomically distinct and clinically relevant rare cell populations. Together, RareQ offers an efficient approach for rare cell discovery, enhancing insights into tissue organization and disease mechanisms.
Electrical response of YCOB single crystal under shock compression
Shock wave pressure sensors play a crucial role in explosion and impact dynamics as well as aerospace engine monitoring, yet conventional sensors are limited by the intrinsic properties of their core materials, preventing stable operation under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Yttrium calcium oxyborate (YCOB) single crystals, with high thermal stability and resistivity, have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation high-temperature sensors. Herein, the shock-induced electrical response of YCOB single crystals was systematically investigated using a gas gun at room temperature and 590 °C. The peak current increases with shock pressure, showing temperature-independent behavior and confirming the feasibility of high-temperature shock measurements. A numerical model describing the dynamic response of piezoelectric materials was established, providing insights into their discharge mechanisms under dynamic loading. Theoretical analysis indicates that YCOB-based sensors can detect higher-magnitude shock pressures at elevated temperatures compared with conventional devices. These findings provide a foundation for designing high-temperature shock pressure sensors and for studying the shock dynamics of YCOB materials.
Constitutive behaviour and microstructural evolution in thermally deformed Al–Zn–Mg alloy
Versatile water-floated nanostructures for three-dimensional nanotransfer printing
Optimal contact design for joule-heated systems
Joule heating provides a straightforward and controllable method to convert electricity to heat at a resistive load, and it is used in a wide range of industrial and household systems. While the dissipation of electricity to heat is known to be highly efficient, heat losses at the electrical connection between the heating element and power supply can be significant, especially when considering that effective electrical conductors generally exhibit high thermal conductivities. Here, we present a straightforward derivation, using the Wiedemann–Franz law, to specify optimal designs for contacts in a manner that minimizes heat loss. We quantify the performance of these contacts for systems operating at different temperatures and scales and find that resistively heated microscale systems yield significant heat losses at contacts, and these losses dramatically decrease with increases in system scale. These results offer general guidelines to proper electrical contact design and present a more comprehensive picture of total energy efficiency in resistively heated systems.