A neuromorphic robotic electronic skin with active pain and injury perception

Y Yuyu Gao (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) J Jianpeng Zhang (Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies) H Hehua Zhang (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) L Lung Chow (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) G Guangyao Zhao (State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and ChemicalEngineering; Center of Advanced Electrochemical Energy (CAEE), Institute of AdvancedInterdisciplinary Studies) G Guihuan Guo (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) C Chun Ki Yiu (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) B Binbin Zhang (School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices) Y Ya Huang J Jingkun Zhou Q Qiang Zhang T Tao Huang Y Yuan Guo (Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering) J Jian Li J Jiyu Li X Xingcan Huang (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) Z Zhenlin Chen (Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry) Z Zhenyu Liu Y Yuze Qiu (Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong) C Chuanfei Guo (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology) X Xinge Yu

Abstract

Humanoid robots with advanced sensory capabilities are increasingly demanded for empathetic, close-contact interactions with humans. Electronic skin (E-skin) is a key enabling technology for such tactile perception. However, current E-skins are limited to basic tactile sensing with simple circuit architecture. Here, we introduce a neuromorphic robotic e-skin (NRE-skin) that not only provides fundamental tactile sensing but also integrates advanced features, such as active pain and injury detection. The NRE-skin encodes dynamic tactile stimuli into neural-like pulse trains and features active pain detection that triggers protective reflexes. Additionally, its injury sensing and modular design enable precise localization of damaged areas and rapid replacement of affected skin. By emulating human sensory and protective systems, the NRE-skin facilitates more natural and safer human–robot interactions.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 52
Published December 30, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (21)

Y

Yuyu Gao

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

J

Jianpeng Zhang

Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies

H

Hehua Zhang

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

L

Lung Chow

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

G

Guangyao Zhao

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and ChemicalEngineering; Center of Advanced Electrochemical Energy (CAEE), Institute of AdvancedInterdisciplinary Studies

G

Guihuan Guo

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

C

Chun Ki Yiu

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

B

Binbin Zhang

School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices

Y

Ya Huang

J

Jingkun Zhou

Q

Qiang Zhang

T

Tao Huang

Y

Yuan Guo

Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering

J

Jian Li

J

Jiyu Li

X

Xingcan Huang

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

Z

Zhenlin Chen

Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry

Z

Zhenyu Liu

Y

Yuze Qiu

Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong

C

Chuanfei Guo

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology

X

Xinge Yu