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Glutathione triggers leaf-to-leaf, calcium-based plant defense signaling
Abstract Animals rely on nervous systems to cope with environmental variability, whereas plants are characterized by lack of nervous system but still have evolved systemic communication systems through signaling molecules that trigger long-distance defense signaling events when encountered with environmental challenges. Here, our genetic screening of the previously constructed hairpin RNA-based Arabidopsis library identifies a glutathione (GSH)-deficient mutant that has high accumulation of glutamate (Glu), a previously defined wound signal essential for activating plant defense, but disharmoniously exhibits attenuation of defense signaling events. We further uncover GSH as a critical signaling molecule that relies on GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 3.3 (GLR3.3) to trigger long-distance calcium-based defense signaling events in plants. Our findings offer new insights into highly sophisticated systemic defense systems evolved by plants to defend against herbivory and pathogen invasion.
Performance evaluation of concrete blended with industrial and agricultural wastes reinforced with hybrid fibres – a feasibility study
Deciphering a volcano-shaped relationship between radical stability and reticular electrochemiluminescence
Valley-contrasting physics, topological bands, and Dirac cone in the charge density wave phase of a 1<i>T</i>-MoS2 monolayer
Charge density waves (CDWs), valley-contrasting physics, and topological bands have been observed in 1T, 1H, and 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), respectively, but rarely observed together in a single TMD due to the completely different physical origins. This study discovers 1T-MoS2 monolayers can possess the valley-contrasting physics. Furthermore, the topological bands, Dirac cones, diamond-chain, and zigzag CDW can be induced by biaxial strain, indicating the exotic roles of the strain. Our findings not only broaden the way of searching the valley semiconductors but also open a door to study the topological bands and Dirac cone of CDW phases.
Reserves and their role in protecting against anxiety and depressive symptoms among undocumented migrants undergoing regularization
Author Correction: Moist and warm conditions in Eurasia during the last glacial of the Middle Pleistocene Transition
Electron thermometry for Si MOS inversion layer using proximity nano-transistor and its application to Joule-heating experiment
A method for measuring the electron temperature in the inversion layer of Si metal-oxide-semiconductor structures is presented. This technique utilizes a nano-transistor as a thermometer, placed in close proximity to the inversion layer under investigation, enabling measurements of the electron temperature for values above approximately 10 K. When applied to Joule-heating experiments, this method reveals a notable discrepancy between the measurement results and predictions made by the conventional theory based on the deformation-potential coupling with low-energy acoustic phonons. Specifically, the injected-power dependence of the electron temperature is much weaker than expected. The results strongly suggest that another mechanism causing a significant electron energy loss plays a role.
Establishing a prognostic model with immune-related genes and investigating EPHB6 expression pattern in breast cancer
Keratinocyte-driven dermal collagen formation in the axolotl skin
Phase-change metasurfaces for reconfigurable image processing
Optical metasurfaces have enabled high-speed, low-power image processing within a compact footprint. However, reconfigurable imaging in such flat devices remains a critical challenge for fully harnessing their potential in practical applications. Here, we propose and demonstrate phase-change metasurfaces capable of dynamically switching between edge-detection and bright-field imaging in the visible spectrum. This reconfigurability is achieved through engineering angular dispersion at electric and magnetic Mie-type resonances. The customized metasurface exhibits an angle-dependent transmittance profile in the amorphous state of Sb2S3 meta-atoms for efficient isotropic edge detection, and an angle-independent profile in the crystalline state for uniform bright-field imaging. The nanostructured Sb2S3-based reconfigurable image processing metasurfaces hold significant potential for applications in computer vision for autonomous driving systems.
Prognostic factors and development of the practical prediction score for 7-day mortality of palliative patients in the emergency department
Persistent austral winter storm track weakening beyond doubling of CO2 concentrations
Future roles of solid-state quantum dot light sources
This paper highlights the critical role of solid-state quantum dot (QD) light sources in both classical and quantum applications, with an emphasis on their integration with silicon photonics to advance future optical networks and quantum technologies. Quantum dot lasers, renowned for their low threshold currents, temperature stability, low-noise optical amplification, and enhanced coherence, are highlighted as essential components for scalable quantum systems. These features contribute to improved chip architectures, reduced module sizes, and increased channel density. The paper also explores the synergy between quantum dot lasers and silicon photonics in the generation of frequency combs, optimizing efficiency and scalability in optical networks. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of quantum dot-based single-photon sources, particularly their ability to generate entangled and polarized photons, in driving advancements across quantum technologies.
Comparisons of aged samples and modern references provide algorithm for mtDNA analysis in challenging material
Dissecting the properties of circulating IgG against streptococcal pathogens through a combined systems antigenomics-serology workflow
Abstract This study showcases an integrative mass spectrometry-based strategy combining systems antigenomics and systems serology to characterize human antibodies in clinical samples. This strategy involves using antibodies circulating in plasma to affinity-enrich antigenic proteins in biochemically fractionated pools of bacterial proteins, followed by their identification and quantification using mass spectrometry. A selected subset of the identified antigens is then expressed recombinantly to isolate antigen-specific IgG, followed by characterization of the structural and functional properties of these antibodies. We focused on Group A streptococcus (GAS), a major human pathogen lacking an approved vaccine. The data shows that both healthy and GAS-infected individuals have circulating IgG against conserved streptococcal proteins, including toxins and virulence factors. The antigenic breadth of these antibodies remains relatively constant across healthy individuals but changes considerably in GAS bacteremia. Moreover, antigen-specific IgG analysis reveals individual variation in titers, subclass distributions, and Fc-signaling capacity, despite similar epitope and Fc-glycosylation patterns. Finally, we show that GAS antibodies may cross-react with Streptococcus dysgalactiae (SD), a bacterial pathogen that occupies similar niches and causes comparable infections. Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of GAS-specific antibody responses and the versatility of our methodology to characterize immune responses to bacterial pathogens.
Thermodynamic coupling in micro-nanocavity graphene/paraffin phase change energy storage materials under impact loading
Micro-nanocavity graphene/paraffin nanocomposites (MNGPNs) are emerging as promising phase change materials for passive thermal management in electronics, utilizing the superior thermal conductivity of graphene in conjunction with the excellent heat storage capacity of paraffin. However, current assessments of MNGPNs thermal management performance are primarily conducted under laboratory static conditions, which do not fully represent the complex overload environments encountered in practical applications. In this study, we conducted strain freezing experiments using a split Hopkinson pressure bar and performed recovery analysis to investigate the influence of dynamic loading on thermal behavior through postmortem microstructural characterizations. Our findings reveal significant thermodynamic coupling effects in the in-plane direction, while coupling effects in the out-of-plane direction were less apparent. Specifically, the increase in internal thermal resistance under impact loading, due to the cracking, shedding, and directional changes in the graphene structure, diminishes the heat transfer capacity of MNGPNs in the in-plane direction. Alternations in interfacial thermal resistance caused by the layer compression and shedding affect the out-of-plane heat transfer capacity. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of MNGPNs was validated through heat dissipation experiments. This work provides valuable insights for the practical thermal management applications of MNGPNs, highlighting their performance from a dynamic perspective.
Based on model randomization and adaptive defense for federated learning schemes
Atomic mechanism of lithium dendrite penetration in solid electrolytes
Impact of growth temperature on heterostructure interface steepness in ultraviolet-B AlGaN-based laser diodes
This study investigates the steepness of the heterostructure interface between the p-side optical-waveguide and electron blocking layer (EBL) in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) laser diodes (LDs), focusing on the impact of growth temperature. The results revealed that lowering the growth temperature significantly reduced the thickness of the “unintended compositionally graded layer” a diffusion layer formed at the interface through solid-phase diffusion. However, a bottleneck also existed in LDs with extremely steep interfaces, where the diode characteristics could not be obtained due to the device's high resistance. This study highlights the trade-off between the steepness of the interfaces in the AlGaN heterostructure and diode performance, indicating the need for further optimization to achieve high-performance UV-B LDs. Specifically, future efforts should focus on refining growth conditions to reduce impurity concentrations resulting from low-temperature growth and controlling the thickness of individual layers, such as the EBL, to address high resistance and achieve high-performance UV-B LDs.