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Particle exchange statistics beyond fermions and bosons
Abstract It is commonly believed that there are only two types of particle exchange statistics in quantum mechanics, fermions and bosons, with the exception of anyons in two dimensions 1–5 . In principle, a second exception known as parastatistics, which extends outside two dimensions, has been considered 6 but was believed to be physically equivalent to fermions and bosons 7–9 . Here we show that non-trivial parastatistics inequivalent to either fermions or bosons can exist in physical systems. These new types of identical particle obey generalized exclusion principles, leading to exotic free-particle thermodynamics distinct from any system of free fermions and bosons. We formulate our theory by developing a second quantization of paraparticles that naturally includes exactly solvable non-interacting theories and incorporates physical constraints such as locality. We then construct a family of exactly solvable quantum spin models in one and two dimensions, in which free paraparticles emerge as quasiparticle excitations, and their exchange statistics can be physically observed and are notably distinct from fermions and bosons. This demonstrates the possibility of a new type of quasiparticle in condensed matter systems and—more speculatively—the potential for previously unconsidered types of elementary particle.
Development of a novel multi-epitope subunit mRNA vaccine candidate to combat Acinetobacter baumannii
Finite element investigation for improving chest wall reconstruction process using ceramic and polymeric implants
AbstractCar accidents, infections caused by bacteria or viruses, metastatic lesions, tumors, and malignancies are the most frequent causes of chest wall damage, leading to the removal of the affected area. After excision, artificial bone or synthetic materials are used in chest wall reconstruction to restore the skeletal structure of the chest. Chest implants have traditionally been made from metallic materials like titanium alloys due to their biocompatibility and durability. However, the drawbacks of these materials have prompted researchers to seek alternative materials for use in the reconstruction process. This research aims to explore alternatives to metallic implants in order to overcome their drawbacks and enhance the performance of chest wall reconstruction using the finite element method. In this research, customized implants for the ribs and cartilages are used to repair the defective portion of the chest wall. The implants are made from various materials, including stiff bioceramics (alumina and zirconia), soft polymers (polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polyethylene (PE)), and polymeric composites (carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK 30 and 60% (CFP 30 and 60%)) as alternatives for titanium. They are tested under normal breathing and impact loading conditions. The null hypothesis suggests that stiff implants will provide optimal results. The results illustrate that when using alumina implants, under normal breathing, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses increased to 11.41 and 15.86 MPa on ribs, while decreasing to 0.32 and 0.324 MPa, and 0.96 and 0.56 Pa on cartilages and lung respectively, compared to titanium. Conversely, when using PE implants, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses decreased to 5.69 and 8.2 MPa on ribs and increased to 0.4 and 0.42 MPa, and 1.71 and 1.1 MPa on cartilages and lung respectively. Under impact force, compared to titanium, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses increased to 47.5 and 49.8 MPa on ribs, and decreased to 1.91 and 6.15 MPa, and 4.56 and 7.7 Pa on cartilages and lung respectively, when using alumina implants. On the other hand, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses decreased to 31 and 23 MPa on ribs and increased to 2.52 and 7.83 MPa, and 5.8 and 9.3 MPa on cartilages and lung respectively, when using PE implants. The highest tensile and compressive strains on ribs were 6,162 and 6,235 µε when using alumina implants under impact force. Additionally, the highest tensile and compressive strains on cartilages and lung were 11,192 and 20,918 µε and 5,836 and 9,335 µε, respectively, when using PE implants. For screws, the peak values of von Mises stress were 61.6 MPa and 433.4 MPa under normal breathing and impact force respectively, when using PE implants. In fatigue analysis, alumina, PEEK, and PE implants failed under impact force as the maximum equivalent alternating stresses exceeded their fatigue limits, resulting in safety factors of less than one. It was concluded that stiff bioceramic implants (alumina and zirconia) produced the lowest stresses and strains on the surrounding cartilages and underlying lung, and the highest stresses and strains on the surrounding ribs, unlike soft PEEK and PE implants. Additionally, CFP 30% and 60% implants distributed stresses on the ribs, cartilages, and lungs similarly to titanium implants. Furthermore, the tensile and compressive stresses and strains on the ribs, cartilages, and lungs did not exceed allowable limits for all used implants. Finally, Zirconia, CFP 30%, and CFP 60% implants can be used as substitutes for titanium in chest wall reconstruction to restore damaged portions of the ribs and cartilage. However, stiff alumina implants and soft PEEK & PE implants were not recommended for use as they were susceptible to fracture under impact force.
Genomic insights into the dynamic antibiotic resistance landscape of Vibrio cholerae during the Cholera outbreak 2022 in Odisha, India
Longitudinal strain enhancement and bending deformations in piezoceramics
Smart furniture using radar technology for cardiac health monitoring
AbstractThe integration of radar technology into smart furniture represents a practical approach to health monitoring, circumventing the concerns regarding user convenience and privacy often encountered by conventional smart home systems. Radar technology’s inherent non-contact methodology, privacy-preserving features, adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, and high precision characteristics collectively establish it a compelling alternative for comprehensive health monitoring within domestic environments. In this paper, we introduce a millimeter (mm)-wave radar system positioned strategically behind a seat, featuring an algorithm capable of identifying unique cardiac waveform patterns for healthy subjects. These patterns are characterized by two peaks followed by a valley in each cycle, which can be correlated to Electrocardiogram (ECG), enabling effective cardiac waveform monitoring. The provided algorithm excels in discerning variations in heart patterns, particularly in individuals with prolonged corrected QT intervals, by minimizing high frequency breathing interference and ensuring accurate pattern recognition. Additionally, this paper addresses the influence of body movements in seated individuals, conducting a comprehensive study on heart rate variability and estimation. Experiment results demonstrate a maximum interbeat intervals (IBI) error of 30 milliseconds and an average relative error of 4.8% in heart rate estimation, showcasing the efficacy of the proposed method utilizing variational mode decomposition and a multi-bin approach.
Clinical characteristics of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody among aquaporin-4 negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in Egyptian patients
AbstractSome patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)-like symptoms test negative for anti-aquaporin-4 (anti-AQP4) antibodies. Among them, a subset has antibodies targeting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a condition now termed MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). MOGAD shares features with NMOSD, like optic neuritis and myelitis, but differs in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, and biomarkers. The present study investigated the prevalence of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) antibodies in anti-AQP4 seronegative Egyptian patients initially diagnosed with NMOSD and the link between their presence and clinical characteristics and disease-induced disability to gain insights into MOGAD. This pilot cross-sectional study included 40 anti-AQP4 antibody-negative patients initially diagnosed with NMOSD, six children and 34 adults. They were screened for anti-MOG antibodies by the indirect immunofluorescence cell-based assay. Of all included patients, only 7.5% (n = 3) were positive for anti-MOG antibodies and had significantly higher disability scores than seronegative patients (p = 0.021). The presence of anti-MOG antibodies was not significantly associated with age (p = 0.696), gender (p = 0.232), type of relapse (p = 0.488), number of attacks (p = 0.968), family history of consanguinity (p = 0.211), family history of autoimmune disease (p = 0.608), nor with smoking (p = 0.608). Detecting anti-MOG antibodies in anti-AQP4-negative NMOSD patients is essential for accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment, as MOGAD is now recognized as a separate clinical entity.
The level of cognitive functioning in school-aged children is predicted by resting EEG Directed Phase Lag Index
Abstract Quantifying cognitive potential relies on psychometric measures that do not directly reflect cortical activity. While the relationship between cognitive ability and resting state EEG signal dynamics has been extensively studied in children with below-average cognitive performances, there remains a paucity of research focusing on individuals with normal to above-average cognitive functioning. This study aimed to elucidate the resting EEG dynamics in children aged four to 12 years across normal to above-average cognitive potential. Our findings indicate that signal complexity, as measured by Multiscale Entropy (MSE), was not significantly predictive of the level of cognitive functioning. However, utilizing Directed Phase Lag Index (DPLI) as an effective connectivity measure, we observed consistent patterns of information flow between anterior and posterior regions. Fronto-parietal as well as local connectivity patterns were seen across most of the cognitive functions. Moreover, specific connectivity patterns were obtained for each intellectual quotient index (namely verbal comprehension, visuospatial, fluid reasoning, and processing speed indexes as well as full-scale intellectual quotient). These results underscore the presence of long-range connections and support fronto-parietal theories of cognitive abilities within the resting state brain dynamics of children.
Experimental and numerical analysis of pGFRP and wood cross-arm in latticed tower: a comprehensive study of mechanical deformation and flexural creep
AbstractThe adoption of pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites as a substitute for traditional wooden cross-arms in high transmission towers represents a relatively novel approach. These materials were selected for their high strength-to-weight ratio and lightweight properties. Despite various studies focusing on structures improvement, there still have a significant gap in understanding the deformation characteristics of full-scale cross-arms under actual operational loads. Existing study often concentrate on small coupon scale and laboratory condition, leaving a gap in understanding how the cross-arm behavior in full-scale acting on actual weather condition. This study aims to investigate the load-deflection and long-term creep behavior of a pGFRP cross-arm installed in a 132 kV transmission tower. The pGFRP cross-arm was load-tested on a customized rig in an open environment. Using the cantilever beam concept, deflection was analyzed and compared to wood cross-arms. Finite element analysis validated results, and long-term deformation under high-stress loads was assessed. The pGFRP cross-arms showed lower deflection at working loads compared to Balau wood, due to the latter’s higher elastic modulus and flexibility specifically at Point Y3, the critical issues necessitated reinforcement strategies. pGFRP cross-arms withstood higher bending stress, showing 32% less deflection under normal conditions and 15% less under broken wire conditions than Balau wood. Additionally, the creep strength of wood was 34% lower than that of pGFRP cross-arms. Besides that, the pGFRP cross-arm have highest elastic modulus than Balau-wood, shows that the composite cross-arm have better structural strength, resisting deformation and higher flexibility materials. Finite element analysis (FEA) confirmed these results with the relative error between them less than 1%. Consequently, the investigation into pGFRP cross-arm deformation behavior in this paper serves as a foundational framework for future research endeavors specifically for high transmission tower and other structural application.
Analysis of the spiking dynamics of a diode laser with dual optical feedback
What do people eat and why do they eat it?
Y2O3NPs induce selective cytotoxicity, genomic instability, oxidative stress and ROS mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in human epidermoid skin A-431 Cancer cells
AbstractYttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y2O3NPs) have emerged as a promising avenue for cancer therapy, primarily due to their distinctive properties that facilitate selective targeting of cancer cells. Despite their potential, the therapeutic effects of Y2O3NPs on human epidermoid skin cancer remain largely unexplored. This study was thus conducted to investigate the impact of Y2O3NPs on both human skin normal and cancer cells, with an emphasis on assessing their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and the mechanisms underlying these effects. Cell viability and apoptosis induction were assessed using the Sulforhodamine B and chromatin diffusion assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential integrity, oxidative stress markers and expression level of apoptotic and mitochondrial genes were also estimated. Our findings highlight the selective and significant cytotoxicity of Y2O3NPs against human epidermoid A-431 cancer cells. Notably, exposure to five Y2O3NPs concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/ml) resulted in a high concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability and a corresponding increase in cell death observed 72 h post-treatment specifically in A-431 cancer cells, while normal skin fibroblast (HSF) cells exhibited minimal toxicity. When A-431 cancer cells were treated with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Y2O3NPs for 72 h, a significant increase in ROS generation was noted. This led to oxidative stress, along with severe damage to genomic DNA and mitochondrial membrane potential, triggering substantial apoptosis. Furthermore, a concurrent significant upregulation of apoptotic p53 and mitochondrial ND3 genes was observed, coupled with a notable decrease in the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 gene expression.Overall, Y2O3NPs demonstrate considerable promise as a therapeutic agent for skin epidermoid cancer due to their ability to selectively target and induce cytotoxic effects in A-431 cancer cells, all while causing minimal harm to normal HSF cells. This selective cytotoxicity appears to be associated with Y2O3NPs’ ability to induce excessive ROS production and subsequent oxidative stress, leading to significant genomic DNA fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial permeability, and alterations in apoptotic and mitochondrial genes’ expression, ultimately promoting apoptosis in A-431 cancer cells. These findings establish a foundation for further research into the utilization of Y2O3NPs in targeted cancer therapies and underscore the necessity for ongoing investigation into their safety and efficacy in clinical applications.