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Expression analysis and functional study of honeysuckle MYB transcription factors under drought stress
Association of immunonutritional indicators with all-cause mortality in adult stroke patients
Author Correction: Anopheles mosquito fauna, blood meal sources and transmission intensity from high and moderate malaria endemic areas of Ethiopia
Application of neutron grating interferometry and tomography to the nineteenth century Korean copper coins
Risk factors, prognostic factors, and nomograms for liver metastasis in stage Tis-T2 colorectal cancer patients from a population-based study
Sodium butyrate promotes synthesis of testosterone and meiosis of hyperuricemic male mice
MuSK is a substrate for CaMK2β but this interaction is dispensable for MuSK activation in vivo
Abstract The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the unique interface between lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers and is indispensable for muscle function. Tight control of its localized formation at the center of every muscle fiber, and maintenance throughout lifetime are sustained by muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). MuSK acts as central regulator of acetylcholine receptor clustering at the postsynapse. Localized and temporally controlled signaling of MuSK is primarily achieved by tyrosine autophosphorylation and inhibition thereof. Previous investigations suggested serine phosphorylation of the activation domain as an additional modulator of MuSK activation. Here we identified calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK2) and in particular CaMK2β as novel catalyst of MuSK activation and confirmed its capability to phosphorylate MuSK in heterologous cells. However, whereas CaMK2β absence in muscle cells reduced AChR clustering, MuSK phosphorylation was unchanged. Accordingly, we ruled out MuSK phosphorylation as the cause of synapse fragmentation in a mouse model for myotonic dystrophy type 1, in which the muscle-specific splice-variant of CaMK2β is missing, or as the cause of ataxia or delayed muscle development in CaMK2β knockout animals. Histological characterization of muscles of CaMK2β knockout mice indicated specific roles of CaMK2β in fast glycolytic versus slow oxidative muscle. Taken together, our data shows that MuSK can be phosphorylated by CaMK2β, but loss of CaMK2β is likely compensated by other CaMK2 paralogs at the NMJ.
Biochar MMT ZnAl LDH composite materials derived from solid waste for heavy metal removal in artificial acid mine drainage
Automated segmentation for cortical thickness of the medial perirhinal cortex
Parity transition of radial structure of MHD instability in magnetically confined torus plasmas
Posture configuration optimization method and system for folding booms of the pump truck under life extension control
High sensitivity fiber optic temperature sensor composed of two parallel FPI and enhanced harmonic Vernier effect
Abstract A high-sensitivity fiber optic temperature sensor based on the enhanced harmonic Vernier effect (HVE) is proposed, which consists of two Fabry–Perot interferometers (FPI) that are sensitive to temperature and connected in parallel. FPI1 is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cavity formed by filling a ceramic ferrule with PDMS, and FPI2 is an air-cavity formed by inserting a single-mode fiber into a ceramic ferrule coated with PDMS film on the end face. FPI1 and FPI2 have opposite temperature responses and an approximate 2-fold free spectral range (FSR) relationship. As the temperature rises, the interference spectrum of FPI1 gradually red-shifts, while the interference spectrum of FPI2 gradually blue-shifts, resulting in an enhanced HVE. Its temperature sensitivity is much higher than that of a single FPI, and the amplification rate is significantly higher than that of ordinary Vernier effect. Two enhanced HVE sensors S1 and S2 are developed using this method, but there is a certain difference in their FSR detuning. The experimental results reveal that within the temperature range of 30–35 °C, the temperature sensitivity of S1 and S2 reach − 44.39 nm/°C and − 23.14 nm/°C, respectively. Both S1 and S2 have extremely high temperature sensitivity, but FSR detuning has a significant impact on sensitivity amplification. Additionally, the proposed enhanced HVE sensor has good repeatability and stability in measuring temperature.