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Diploidization in a wild rice allopolyploid is both episodic and gradual

Polyploid organisms evolve from their initial doubled genomic condition through a number of processes collectively termed diploidization, whose tempo and mode remain poorly understood mainly due to the difficulty of discriminating de novo evolution subsequent to polyploidy from variation inherited from progenitors. Here, we generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies for the wild rice allopolyploid Oryza minuta and its two diploid progenitors, Oryza punctata and Oryza officinalis , and employed a population genomic approach to investigate the diploidization process in O. minuta at the sequence and transcriptomic level. We show that this wild rice allopolyploid originated around 0.7 Mya, and during subsequent diploidization, its two subgenomes have retained highly conserved synteny with the genomes of its extant diploid progenitors. This populational approach allowed us to distinguish parental legacy of inherited variation from postpolyploidy evolution, and our analyses revealed that whereas gene fractionation occurred in an early burst, accumulation of transposable elements (TEs) and homoeologous exchanges has been gradual. Patterns of homoeolog expression bias are highly variable across tissues, with no consistent subgenome expression bias. Our assessments of the impact of DNA methylation, TE distribution, and parental legacy on expression patterns provide some support for the TE load theory (the theory that the TE densities in flanking regions surrounding genes strongly influence expression levels), while also illustrating the complexity of transcription regulation.

Sulfur isotopes from the lunar farside reveal global volatile loss following the giant impact

Elevated nitric oxide during colitis restrains GM-CSF production in ILC3 cells via suppressing an AhR-Cyp4f13-NF-κB axis

Edge-feeding synchronous epitaxy of layer-controlled graphene films on heterogeneous catalytic substrates

Extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus gasseri GFC-1220 alleviate inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages

Hypochlorous acid as a potential cavity conditioner for caries-affected dentin

Study of caspase-6 activity in aggressive HCT116 cells using methotrexate-encapsulated lactoferrin-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles via in silico and in vitro approaches

Automatic generation control optimization for power system resilience under real world load variations using genetic algorithm

Control of motor coordination by transient receptor potential melastatin 8 through γ-aminobutyric acidergic circuit modulation in the male mouse cerebellum

Exhaust manifold performance enhancement using nano fluids a design and CFD investigation for four stroke petrol engines

Utilizing a deep neural network for robot semantic classification in indoor environments

A network meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of adjuvant targeted therapy or immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Sex differences in the association of physical activity patterns with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study from NHANES 2007–2018

Turmoil at US science academy as Trump cuts force layoffs

Photothermal catalysis of waste plastics into propionic acid and hydrogen via Ni single-atom site isolation effect

Currently, catalytic recycling of polyethylene (PE) into high-value chemicals using solar energy often faces poor product selectivity and low efficiency. This is mainly due to the difficulty in effectively controlling the intermediates during PE photoreforming and the long-standing challenge of inefficient charge dynamics. Here, we present a solar-driven photothermal catalytic approach for the selective conversion of PE waste into propionic acid and hydrogen under ambient conditions. Atomically dispersed Ni sites supported on CeO 2 (Ni SA /CeO 2 ) achieve a propionic acid yield of 331 μmol h –1 with 94.8% selectivity in the photothermal reaction. This performance is 1.6 times higher than that of catalysts supported by Ni clusters (Ni NP /CeO 2 ). Additionally, Ni SA /CeO 2 exhibits a hydrogen yield of 0.23 mmol h –1 with stable long-term performance. Mechanistic studies reveal that single Ni atoms form linear coordination with oxygen atoms in CeO 2 , introducing unoccupied mid-gap states that effectively capture hot electrons and enhance the photothermal effect through local hotspot formation. In contrast, Ni clusters suffer from inefficient heat accumulation due to multistep phonon scattering. Furthermore, site isolation of Ni single atoms spatially separates the reaction intermediates and suppresses dimerization of the key intermediate COOHCH 2 CH 2 *, thereby greatly improving the selectivity for propionic acid. In contrast, closely packed Ni cluster sites promote intermediate coupling and the formation of undesirable byproducts, reducing selectivity. This work provides mechanistic insights into the advantages of atomic-scale catalyst design for selective chemical transformations.

Immunomics-guided biomarker discovery for human liver fluke infection and infection-associated cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract Sensitive diagnostics are needed to improve management and surveillance of opisthorchiasis and opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) throughout East Asia. Herein we generate and screen an Opisthorchis viverrini recombinant secreted proteome to identity antibody biomarkers of liver fluke infection and CCA with sera from study participants in endemic populations and evaluate their utility as point-of-care immunochromatographic tests (PoC-ICTs). We incorporate two of the most promising antigens from the proteome array screen, P1 and P9, into PoC-ICTs to further validate their diagnostic performance. The P9-IgG4 PoC-ICT is superior amongst the single recombinant antigen tests for diagnosing fluke infection as well as fluke-induced CCA, and out-performs parasite crude extract-IgG ICTs. Here we identify two biomarkers of O. viverrini infection and infection-associated CCA that could form the basis of novel antibody serodiagnostic tests for human liver fluke infection and associated cancer.

Dual origin of effective axion response

Global declines in net primary production in the ocean color era

Abstract The majority of heat associated with climate change has been absorbed in the sunlit surface ocean where phytoplankton carry out half of biospheric net primary production (NPP). The physical entrainment of nutrients from depth into the surface constrains NPP across most of the ocean, therefore it has been widely hypothesized that a warmer and more thermally stratified ocean will diminish NPP. As phytoplankton are the dominant driver of ocean color, the satellite remote sensing record is the best approach to assess global NPP trends. Here we show that statistically significant decreases in NPP have occurred in almost half of the ocean and these changes are dominated by declines in the tropical and subtropical stratified ocean. A deeper analysis confirms that strengthening nutrient limitation is largely driving declining NPP. Climate-mediated shifts in NPP represent a fundamental perturbation to biogeochemical cycles that can further weaken global fisheries.

Ultrabright and Water‐Stable Eu(III)‐Based MOF Scintillators Sensitized by Dual‐Antenna Ligands for Real‐Time and Underwater X‐Ray Imaging

Abstract Lanthanide‐based metal–organic framework (Ln‐MOF) scintillators are promising for X‐ray imaging owing to their structural tunability and high X‐ray attenuation. However, achieving efficient triplet‐sensitized scintillation remains challenging due to the inefficient energy transfer between organic ligand triplets and lanthanide centers, leading to weak radioluminescence and limited imaging resolution. Herein, we propose a dual‐antenna ligand strategy by synergizing 4,4′‐oxybis (benzoic acid) (Oba) and phenanthroline derivatives (1,10‐phenanthroline = Phen; or Bathophenanthroline = Bphen) with Eu 3+ ions, constructing ultrabright Eu‐O‐Phen and Eu‐O‐Bphen scintillators. Notably, Eu‐O‐Bphen demonstrated a record relative light yield of 60331 ±  28 photons MeV −1 , outperforming Eu‐O‐Phen by 71%. This superior scintillation performance originates from an 86.3 ± 0.19% photoluminescence quantum yield, attributed to enhanced ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer efficiency and the suppression of π–π stacking among organic chromophore ligands. Besides, the fabrication of flexible Eu‐O‐Bphen films achieves a spatial resolution of 37.0 lp mm −1 in static imaging and enables real‐time dynamic X‐ray imaging at 60 fps (2 K). Additionally, it exhibited exceptional water stability, with negligible performance degradation in water for over 100 days, allowing clear underwater visualization of circuit boards under X‐ray irradiation. It provides a promising strategy for developing high‐performance water‐stable scintillators via ligand engineering.