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Factors associated with childhood undernutrition in poor Ethiopian households: Implications for public health interventions

Background Childhood undernutrition is a significant public health concern linked to poverty. Despite the persistent high burden of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia, there is a lack of robust evidence identifying factors associated with undernutrition in under-five children from poor households in the nation. This study aimed to identify the determinants of childhood undernutrition among children living in poor households in Ethiopia. Methods The 2005, 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys were combined, and analysis was restricted to children aged 0–59 months from poorer and poorest households, yielding a weighted sample of 12,466 analysed. The adverse nutritional status indicators of child nutritional status: height-for-age z-scores (HAZ), weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) were the outcomes of interest. The child’s HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ were below -2 standard deviations (SD) were categorized as binary and into stunted, wasted, and underweight, respectively. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with childhood undernutrition in poor households. Results The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight among children aged 0–59 months in poor households was 47.5% (95% CI: 46.5–48.4), 12.7% (95% CI: 12.1–13.3), and 32.8% (95% CI: 31.9–33.7), respectively. The most significant factors positively associated with stunting, wasting, and being underweight comprised of male gender, younger age, having diarrhea two week before each survey, children perceived as smaller by their mothers (stunted and wasted only), children of uneducated mothers (stunting and underweight only), maternal short stature (stunting and underweight only), and children from households having unimproved sanitation facility (stunting and underweight only). The odds of wasting were significantly higher among children who lived in urban areas, children from female-headed households and those children who had fever two weeks before each survey. Conclusion Child undernutrition in poor Ethiopian households is significantly higher than the national average, highlighting a critical public health issue. Urgent intervention focusing on the identified risk factors, such as sanitation, maternal education, and childhood diarrhea is needed, to improve child nutrition and well-being in disadvantaged households.

Timescales and drivers of chlorophyll variability in a subtropical, long residence time estuary (Baffin Bay, Texas, USA)

Little is known about the role of short-term (hourly to daily) processes on estuarine phytoplankton dynamics, though these can be important timescales of physical-chemical variability in coastal systems. This study coupled high-frequency (daily; 2015–2016) and low frequency (monthly; 2014–2018) sampling to quantify timescales of chlorophyll variability and potential drivers of phytoplankton blooms in a subtropical, long residence time estuary (Baffin Bay, Texas, USA). The dominant timescale of chlorophyll variability in the system was sub-monthly, which accounted for ~ 37% of variability, followed by interannual at ~ 30% and seasonal at 21%. From bloom events identified in the high frequency dataset, wind was a predominant factor related to short-term (daily resolution) blooms, often positively correlated with chlorophyll concentrations. Results expand upon the currently limited knowledge of short-term chlorophyll variability in subtropical, long residence time estuaries. Additionally, findings also offer insight into design considerations for sampling programs in similar systems.

A two-stage forecasting model using random forest subset-based feature selection and BiGRU with attention mechanism: Application to stock indices

The heteroscedastic and volatile characteristics of stock price data have attracted the interest of researchers from various disciplines, particularly in the realm of price forecasting. The stock market’s non-stationary and volatile nature, driven by complex interrelationships among financial assets, economic developments, and market participants, poses significant challenges for accurate forecasting. This research aims to develop a robust forecasting model to improve the accuracy and reliability of stock price predictions using machine learning. A two-stage forecasting model is introduced. First, a random forest subset-based (RFS) feature selection with repeated k-fold cross-validation selects the best subset of features from eight predictors: highest price, lowest price, closing price, volume, change, price change ratio, and amplitude. These features are then used as input in a bidirectional gated recurrent unit with an attention mechanism (BiGRU-AM) model to forecast daily opening prices of ten stock indices. The proposed model exhibits superior forecasting performance across ten stock indices when compared to twelve benchmarks, evaluated using root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination, R2. The improved prediction accuracy enables financial professionals to make more reliable investment decisions, reducing risks and increasing profits.

Effects of Dendrobium nobile on antioxidant capacity, hormone levels, testicular metabolism, and reproductive performance of aged roosters

Oxidative stress is a major cause of semen quality decline in old roosters. Dendrobium nobile Lindl (DNL), a Chinese herbal medicine, exhibits excellent antioxidant activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary DNL supplementation on semen quality, antioxidant capacity, reproductive hormone levels, and testicular tissue structure in aged roosters. This study further aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism for improving reproductive performance. Thus, the expression of antioxidant defense system-related genes was verified, and metabolomic analysis was performed. Twenty 56-week-old recessive, white-feathered roosters were randomly assigned into two groups. The DNL group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 2500 mg/kg DNL for 60 days, whereas the control group was fed a basal diet. Here, DNL improved the semen quality (sperm density and motility) and antioxidant capacity of aged roosters, increased the expression of genes in the Nrf2 pathway, increased serum hormone levels, and delayed testicular tissue degradation. Seventy-six differential metabolites that are mainly enriched in amino acid biosynthesis pathways, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were identified. DL-serine, DL-cysteine, and α-ketoglutarate were related to improved testicular antioxidant capacity. In this study, dietary supplementation with 2500 mg/kg DNL delayed the decline in reproductive performance by improving the antioxidant capacity of aging roosters. These findings could facilitate the use of DNL as a feed additive to improve the reproductive performance of aged roosters.

Development of social isolation and social network assessment tool for older adults: A Delphi survey

Objective Social Isolation and network are crucial factors which affect the quality of life and overall health of older adults. Therefore, in the field of health promotion, there’s a growing attention to assess and evaluate the social health including social isolation and network of older adults. This study aimed to develop a Social Isolation and Social Network (SISN) evaluation tool that comprehensively measure the social isolation and network of older adults. Methods Between April and June 2024, we gathered insights from 23 experts in lifestyle and health. Based on the previous research, a two-round Delphi survey was conducted to obtain expert consensus on key assessment components. In the initial survey, we collected expert’s opinions through open and closed-ended questions about social isolation and social network evaluation items. After the first survey, we corrected several items that didn’t meet the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) standard before proceeding. We presented the first survey’s findings to an expert panel, leading to a consensus. Results The initial Delphi round produced 32 items and the second round resulted in 30 items after adjusting those with CVR scores of 0.37 or less. The final CVR was 0.87 with a convergence of 0.87, a consensus level of 0.31 and stability level of 0.12. Conclusion This study successfully developed a comprehensive social isolation and social network assessment using a modified Delphi technique. The 30 items are categorized into three sections. The SISN is able to provide a systematic approach to evaluate social isolation and social network of older adults. Future studies should be conducted to examine the reliability and validity.

Cognitive traces of life kinetic exercise in puberty sedentary subjects

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the effect of regular life kinetic exercises on the concepts of motivation and imagery in sports in puberty period individuals. In the study in which “pre-test-post-test control group design” was used, 44 students (experiment = 22, control = 22) who were continuing their education in a state secondary school and selected by appropriate sampling method participated. The “Personal Information Form”, “Motivation Scale in Sport” and “Imagery Inventory in Sport” were used as data collection tools. The collected data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance. When the results were analysed, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences in the pre-test and post-test mean scores of motivation and imagery in sport. As a result, it can be stated that the life kinetic exercise protocol applied for 8 weeks in sedentary individuals positively predicted motivation and imagery parameters in sports. This result indicates that the related psychological phenomena, which are as important as sport performance in sports, can be positively affected by cognitive and motoric exercise combinations.

Residual XGBoost regression—Based individual moving range control chart for Gross Domestic Product growth monitoring

Accurate and reliable Gross Domestic Product (GDP) forecasting is indispensable for informed economic policymaking and risk management. Autocorrelation, a prevalent characteristic of macroeconomic time series, poses significant challenges to traditional forecasting methodologies and statistical process control. This study introduces a novel approach to GDP forecasting and monitoring by integrating XGBoost regression, a robust machine learning algorithm, with Individual and Moving Range (I-MR) control charts. By effectively capturing complex nonlinear relationships and mitigating autocorrelation, the proposed model offers enhanced predictive accuracy compared to conventional methods. Empirical results demonstrate the model’s efficacy in phase I, aligning closely with actual GDP values. However, phase II analysis reveals discrepancies, suggesting the need for further model refinement and the potential incorporation of additional economic indicators to improve forecast precision.

Consensus on core competencies for simulation training in ultrasound-guided renal biopsy

Rationale and objectives To define the competencies in ultrasound knowledge and skills that are essential for interventional radiology trainees to master when performing ultrasound-guided renal biopsy, and to design simulation-based training to develop these competencies. Materials and methods A whole-task training and competency-based assessment methodology was adopted. 42 fellowship-trained interventional radiologists were contacted to participate in the process. An anonymous three-round modified Delphi process was used to identify and assess the crucial procedural steps in performing an ultrasound-guided renal procedure. The primary survey round allowed free text submission of the procedure steps. The primary survey was analysed to identify the common key tasks and these were grouped in procedural domains. For rounds two and three consensus on key steps was evaluated. 75% agreement was required to progress to the final task list. The final task list was reviewed to identify simulation strategies. Results Nine interventional radiologists completed the three-round modified Delphi process. 24 competencies were determined to be important across the seven procedural domains. One competency identifying contraindications was removed due to disagreement among participants. The educational review of the final task list identified simulation strategies: three domains involving simulated participants and four domains requiring hybrid simulation involving simulated participants, simulator training and interprofessional simulation. Conclusion Twenty-three competencies were identified in a blueprint for the development of a simulation curriculum to meet the training requirement of radiologists performing ultrasound-guided renal biopsy.

Efficacy of a new nanoemulsion artificial tear in dry eye disease management: Study protocol for a prospective cohort study

Background Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex ocular disorder with a significant prevalence worldwide, especially in the Asian population. This study aimed to investigate changes in dry eye symptoms and signs following regular use of a new nanoemulsion eye drop, Systane COMPLETE Multi-Dose Preservative-Free (MDPF), in patients with mild to moderate DED in the Asian population. Methods and design This is a prospective cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06188260) that aims to recruit approximately 40 patients from the Asian population suffering from mild to moderate DED. Mild to moderate DED is defined according to the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) II diagnostic criteria, including an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score between 13–32, and with at least one of the following positive signs: corneal staining, Non-Invasive Tear Breakup Time (NITBUT), or osmolarity. The proposed follow-up period is 3 months. Patients undergo three assessments: baseline before using the eye drops, and follow-up visits after 2 weeks and 3 months regular use of the eye drops (four times daily). The primary outcome is the change in the OSDI score at 2 weeks. Discussion The results examine the dry eye symptoms before and after using the new nanoemulsion eye drop, Systane COMPLETE MDPF, in a cohort of mild to moderate DED sufferers. The findings may provide new treatment options for dry eye sufferers with significant clinical implications.

Natural capital accounting as a decision support tool for environmental management of a protected area in Madagascar

Ecosystem change affects the availability of resources and services provided by nature. Ecosystem Natural capital accounting helps track these changes and supports better decision-making for managing the environment. This approach aims to assess changes in the stocks and flows of natural resources and the possibility to integrate them into economic and political decisions. The protected area of Mahavavy-Kinkony Complex, in North-Western of Madagascar, was chosen to implement this approach due to its many types of ecosystems as well as important reserves of threatened birds. In five years (2013–2018), we have observed a reduction in woodland cover (forest and mangrove) due to both regulated and illegal logging, linked to urban expansion and increasing of human pressure. This loss of woodland compromises not only biodiversity but also the capacity of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services. At the same time, the silting up of surface waters is compromising water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the increase in agricultural land at the expense of forested areas raises concerns about the continuing degradation of natural ecosystems. All of these changes can be observed inside local socio-ecological landscape type. Each socio-ecological landscape type shows the potential variation in the production of ecosystem services.

Morphology and phylogeny of the centrohelid heliozoans Raphidocystidae and their ability to consume cyanobacteria

The centrohelid family Raphidocystidae is a large group of heliozoans whose morphology and biology are poorly understood and whose taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are currently confusing. Here, we report the results of a study of clonal cultures of raphidocystids belonging to the species Raphidocystis tubifera, R. ambigua, R. marginata and R. symmetrica. The cells were examined using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. New data on the morphology of the studied species were obtained and compared with other representatives of Raphidocystidae. For the first time, R. ambigua and R. symmetrica are reported for Kazakhstan and China, respectively. Cases of taxonomic confusion within Raphidocystidae have been detected and discussed. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA sequences clarified the relationships within raphidocystids and confirmed that scales with smooth surfaces are apparently characteristic of the common ancestor of all Raphidocystidae, and scales with a reticular structure were acquired evolutionarily later. Cysts within the Raphidocystidae species were apparently a later evolutionary acquisition. The ability of centrohelid heliozoans to consume cells of toxic and nontoxic cyanobacteria, which cause the most dangerous harmful algal blooms, has been demonstrated for the first time.

Mask wearing as a prosocial behavior: Proposing and testing the moral norms activation model

The aim of this study was to develop and test a model of prosocial prevention behavior during COVID-19, termed the Moral Norms Activation Model (MNAM). This model examines how moral norms, influenced by awareness of consequences, predict prosocial prevention behaviors, such as mask-wearing, and the role of perceived severity and collective orientation as moderating factors. We conducted a survey during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic with a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 8,778). The survey measured awareness of consequences, moral norms, anticipated guilt, perceived severity, collective orientation, and self-reported mask-wearing behavior. A series of regressions was used to test the proposed model and interactions. Findings supported the MNAM, demonstrating that awareness of consequences was a significant direct predictor of moral norms. These moral norms, in turn, predicted prosocial prevention behavior, mediated by anticipated guilt. The moderating effects of perceived severity and collective orientation were also significant, reinforcing the strength of the association between moral norms and behavior in individuals with high collective orientation and greater perceived severity. The results highlight the critical role of moral norms and anticipated guilt in promoting prosocial health behaviors during a collective health crisis. The MNAM provides a novel framework for understanding how individual psychological processes contribute to public health behaviors. These findings suggest that public health campaigns emphasizing moral responsibility and awareness of consequences could enhance compliance with preventive measures.

Landslide susceptibility mapping using an entropy index-based negative sample selection strategy: A case study of Luolong county

Landslides constitute a significant geological hazard in China, particularly in high-altitude regions like the Himalayas, where the challenging environmental conditions impede field surveys. This research utilizes the IOE model to refine non-landslide samples and integrates it with multiple machine learning models to conduct a comprehensive assessment of landslide susceptibility in Luolong County, Tibet. The IOE model objectively assigns weights to conditioning factors based on the degree of data dispersion, thereby enhancing the predictive accuracy when combined with machine learning models. This research employed Google Earth satellite imagery to construct a comprehensive database comprising 2517 landslide debris in Luolong County. Twelve conditioning factors were identified, encompassing geological environment, topography, meteorology, hydrology, vegetation, soil, and human activities. The IOE model was integrated with SVC, MLP, LDA, and LR models to systematically evaluate landslide susceptibility in Luolong County. The results demonstrate that, after optimizing the non-landslide samples, the coupled models significantly outperformed the unoptimized models in terms of AUC, accuracy, precision, and F1 score. The ranking of classification performance and effect among the four coupled models is IOE-MLP > IOE-SVC > IOE-LR > IOE-LDA. Notably, the AUC value of the IOE-MLP coupled model increased from 0.8172 to 0.9747. Moreover, in the extremely high susceptibility zones, the IOE-MLP model had the highest landslide frequency ratio among the four coupled models, demonstrating the optimal classification performance and the best classification effect. The study identifies land use, elevation, and slope as the predominant controlling factors conditioning landslides in Luolong County. The regions with the highest susceptibility to landslides in Luolong County are predominantly situated in the central areas near rivers and roads, whereas the areas with the lowest susceptibility are largely located in the southwestern, northern, and certain central regions at elevations above 4500 m, which are consistently shrouded in snow and ice. This comprehensive method effectively resolves the challenge of selecting non-landslide samples, thereby improving the predictive accuracy of the landslide susceptibility model. The results of this study offer significant insights for disaster prevention, mitigation, and land use planning in analogous geological settings.

Thermodynamics of harmony: Extending the analogy across musical systems

It is common for most people to think of science and art as disparate, or at most only vaguely related fields. In physics, one of the biggest successes of thermodynamics is its explanation of order arising from disordered phases of matter through the minimization of free energy; In 2019, Berezovsky showed [1] that the mechanism describing emergent order from disorder in matter can be used to explain how ordered sets of pitches can arise out of disordered sound, thus bridging the gap between science and the arts in a powerful way. In this paper we analyze his method in detail, generalizing it beyond the 12 tone system of intonation of Western music by explicitly considering Gamelan instruments and clarifying some details in the hope of strengthening it and making it better known and recognized.

Exploring the influence of social media use motivations on acculturation orientations and psychological adaptation among Chinese students in Malaysia

Social media has become an essential part of international students’ daily lives. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and communication and transportation systems rapidly develop, the number of international students is growing remarkably. Consequently, the influence of social media on the psychological adaptation of international students has become a matter of concern. However, the relationship between these two factors remains inconclusive. Moreover, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the influence of social media use motivations on the psychological adaptation of international students. Previous research has evidenced that the relationship is indirect, but limited studies have identified psychological mechanisms such as acculturation orientations. Therefore, this study aims to identify the mediating role of acculturation orientations (Malaysian and Chinese cultural orientations) in the relationship between social media use motivations (information seeking, social, and entertainment motivations) and the psychological adaptation of Chinese students in Malaysia. An online survey was administered, employing the convenience sampling technique to collect data from a sample of Chinese international students in Malaysia. A total of 438 questionnaires were analysed by using SPSS and AMOS software. The results demonstrated that three types of use motivations can help Chinese students improve their psychological adaptation in Malaysia, while entertainment motivations have the greatest influence. Likewise, acculturation orientations also benefited psychological adaptation, with mainstream orientations having a stronger contribution. Furthermore, this study reported an indirect mechanism whereby information seeking and social motivations influenced psychological adaptation through Malaysian and Chinese cultural orientations. The findings suggested that Chinese students can use social media purposefully to obtain a better psychological adaptation in Malaysia. Besides, social media designers can enhance the functions and services of social media to provide more support for international students. Relevant departments and educators in Malaysia should appreciate the role of social media and acculturation orientations in helping international students have a better overseas experience and enhance Malaysia’s competitiveness in the international education market.

From fields to cities: Innovating assessment of soil quality in Southern Iran’s Urban areas

Evaluation of soil quality in urban and peri-urban areas using comparable and reproducible indexes is a necessary step to assess the soil management status and its potential for different uses. The application of quantitative indexes guarantees neutrality and reliability of results, allowing comparisons between areas with similar environmental soil conditions. However, there is no consensus on the application of specific indexes. Therefore, in this research, three indexes (Integrated, Weighted Integrated, and Nemoro´s quality indexes) and two approaches (linear and non-linear methods) were compared to select the most relevant soil properties for evaluating soil quality for different land uses (e.g., agriculture, gardening, parking, rangelands, or bare areas). To this end, an experimental area was selected with a total dataset of 25 physicochemical and biological properties in the Shiraz urban watershed (southern Iran). Nine soil properties were selected using the principal component analysis method as the most informative factors, forming the minimum dataset. The results showed that gardens and bare land had the highest (SQI = 0.34–0.55 across different approaches) and lowest soil quality index (SQI = 0.25–0.44 across different approaches), respectively. The non-linear index calculation approach had better efficiency than the linear one. According to the coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.81–0.89), these key soil variables were suggested as a solution to reduce both the cost and time required for projects carried out by experts and watershed decision-makers to assess soil quality in urban and peri-urban areas.

Public services and agglomeration effect under spatial structure: Threshold verification on the provincial capital cities in China

This paper explains the relationship between public services expenditure and agglomeration economy from the perspective of spatial structure, considering that the allocation of public service expenditure by local governments does not fully leverage the benefits of agglomeration effects. We constructed a general equilibrium model that examines the close relationship between public service expenditure and agglomeration effect. From a spatial structure perspective, regions are categorized into monocentric and polycentric spatial structures. We discussed the scale of urban expansion and the level of public service expenditure in secondary cities across these different types of spatial structures. It was examined 31 provincial capitals of China as research samples to validate the applicability of theoretical mechanism analysis. Six models were constructed using 2S-GMM to investigate the relationship between the public service expenditure and agglomeration effect. Meanwhile, the PTR method was employed to develop 36 models to assess the threshold effect of urban expansion scale and public service expenditure in the second city of the region, focusing on the influence mechanism of public service expenditure allocation on the agglomeration effect. Three noteworthy conclusions are as follows: (1) the scale and structure of public service expenditure has a positive influence on agglomeration effect. (2) in monocentric structure areas, we should focus on the impact of the public services expenditure structure on agglomeration effect in the changes of urban scale. (3) in polycentric structure areas, we should focus on the impact of the public services expenditure structure on agglomeration effect in the changes of scale of public services in the second central city. This research not only have enhanced the theoretical influence mechanism of public service expenditure on the agglomeration effect from the perspective of spatial structure, but also offers guidance on the allocation of public service expenditure in provincial capital cities.

Semen collection, semen analysis and artificial insemination in the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) to support its conservation

The critically endangered kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) has suffered population declines due to habitat loss, hunting, and predation. Conservation efforts, including translocation to predator-free islands, have helped increase numbers of this flightless parrot from 51 individuals in 1995–142 in 2019. However, low fertility and high embryo mortality, likely due to genetic bottlenecks continue to hinder population growth. This is further aggravated by the kākāpō’s lek mating system, which allows only a minority of males to father a disproportionate number of offspring, resulting in 21% of non-reproductive males. The study aimed to enhance assisted reproduction techniques to assess male fertility, increase egg fertility, and ensure genetic diversity. Artificial insemination (AI) was used to mimic a second copulation, as females mating with multiple males show higher fertility rates. During the 2019 breeding season, semen collection was successful in 20 males and in 93.5% of 46 attempts using abdominal massage method and electric stimulation technique. Semen volume, colour, consistency, contamination, pH and the motility, concentration, viability and morphology of spermatozoa were analysed. Ejaculate volume ranged between 0.1 and 210 µl and the mean pH was 7.5 ± 0.4 (x― ± SD). Average sperm viability was 87.4 ± 10.0% with a total motility of 60.9 ± 22.0% and a progressive motility of 28.3 ± 19.8%. AI was performed 15 times in 12 females, improving second clutch fertility (70% vs. 29.4% without AI). Egg fertility in the second clutch without AI was 29.41% (5/17) compared to 70% (14/20) after AI. Paternity testing confirmed AI offspring (four chicks of three females), including from two previously non-reproductive males, enriching the gene pool with rare alleles (e.g., genes from Fiordland founding population). This study demonstrates the value of assisted reproduction in conserving endangered avian species by improving reproductive success and preserving genetic diversity.

Editorial Note: Metabarcoding analysis of eukaryotic microbiota in the gut of HIV-infected patients

Resistance to tuberculin skin test/interferon-gamma release assay conversion among highly TB exposed, HIV infected goldminers in South Africa

Background A small proportion of goldminers in South Africa resist tuberculin skin test (TST)/interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) conversion despite high rates of HIV and prolonged exposure to TB. We conducted a study among HIV-infected goldminers to determine the: i) proportion who resisted TST/IGRA conversion and ii) epidemiological factors associated with resistance to TST/IGRA conversion. Methods We enrolled HIV-infected goldminers who were on antiretroviral treatment, aged 33–60 years, with ≥15 years’ service, no prior or current TB, no silicosis, and with body mass index >18.5 kg/m2. TST/IGRA conversion was assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months using TST and QuantiFERON-TB-Gold-Plus (QFT-Plus). Miners were considered resisters if they had a zero TST response and a negative QFT-Plus at all visits. Logistic regression was used to identify epidemiological factors associated with TST/IGRA conversion resistance. Results We enrolled 245 HIV-infected miners with median age of 48 years (interquartile-range [IQR]: 44–52 years) and median CD4 count, 506 cells/ µ L (IQR: 372–677 cells/ µ L). Overall, 98.4% (241) were males and 99.2% (243) were Black/African with a median time of 24 years (IQR: 18–29 years) in the workforce. Of those completing all follow-ups, 24.3% (50/206) resisted TST/IGRA conversion. Miners who had a history of taking isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–4.80; p = 0.020) were more likely to resist TST/IGRA conversion. However, those from Mozambique (aOR 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04–0.71; p = 0.016) and those who had a CD4 count ≥500 cells/ µ L (aOR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.23–0.92; p = 0.028) were less likely to resist TST/IGRA conversion. Conclusion Similar to previous longitudinal cohort studies, we found a small proportion of HIV-infected goldminers who resisted TST/IGRA conversion. This was positively associated with prior IPT, but negatively associated with lower CD4 count and being from Mozambique. However, mechanisms underlying TST/IGRA conversion resistance are not well understood.