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Avian cranial kinesis is the result of increased encephalization during the origin of birds
The origin of birds represents a pivotal transition in vertebrate evolution, marked by significant changes in both brain size and feeding biomechanics. The evolution of the avian skull involved dramatic modifications, such as a segmented palate and the development of powered cranial kinesis in neognath birds. Powered kinesis, the ability to move parts of the skull independently, is considered a key innovation behind the dietary diversity and evolutionary success of birds. However, the processes driving the emergence of avian kinesis have remained unclear until recently. By analyzing data from Mesozoic birds, including reinterpretations of palate homology, 3D jaw muscle biomechanics, and linkage analysis, researchers have quantified changes in muscle forces and their effects on palate mechanics during the transition from theropods to birds. As the neurocranium expanded in non-avian theropods, temporal muscles shifted to more rostrocaudal positions in birds, aiding in the segmentation of the pterygoid. This musculoskeletal transformation increased fore-aft muscle force in neognaths, enabling powered cranial kinesis. A critical change was the separation of the epipterygoid ossification from the braincase, leading to the breakdown of primitive kinematic linkages and the development of a new basicranial joint, which allowed for greater cranial flexibility. These findings shed light on how the neurosensory and feeding systems coevolved during bird origins and offer new methods for identifying cranial kinesis in extinct vertebrates.
Tracking WNV transmission with a combined dog and wild boar surveillance system
Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus mainly circulating in eastern Germany, causing annually reoccurring epizootics in the avifauna as well as sporadic infections in humans and horses. WNV is closely-related to Usutu virus (USUV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and co-infections thereof are becoming more frequent. To not solely be dependent on the monitoring of wild birds and horses the availability of alternative sentinel species is advantageous. The study examined the seroprevalence of WNV antibodies (Abs) in eastern Germany in readily available species: dogs, wild boars, sheep, and goats. An NS1-ELISA was implemented to ease future differentiation of cross-reacting flavivirus Abs with a sensitivity of 92.3 and 90.9% for dog and wild boar sera, respectively. Flavivirus seroprevalences were the highest in wild boars with 42.03%, followed by dogs with 7.86%, and small ruminants with 1.57%. In the wild boars and dogs, WNV Abs were most frequent (17.64 and 3.90%, respectively) while seroprevalences in small ruminants and of USUV were lower. The NS1-ELISA is cost-efficient and reliable in monitoring WNV Abs in dogs as well as wild boars and the combined testing thereof could be ideal in detecting semi-urban transmission events prior to wildlife-human spill overs.
Dynamic interactions of dimeric hub proteins underlie their diverse functions and structures: A comparative analysis of 14-3-3 and LC8
Identification of biomarkers associated with M1 macrophages in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction through bioinformatics and machine learning approaches
Human glutathione transferases catalyze the reaction between glutathione and nitrooleic acid
The potential of combined robust model predictive control and deep learning in enhancing control performance and adaptability in energy systems
PKM splice-switching ASOs induce upregulation of dual-specificity phosphatases and dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Importance of yam in the role of agrobiodiversity in Mayombe and Batéké Plateau ecozones in Democratic Republic of Congo
Targeting mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases
Profiling the regulatory landscape of sialylation through miRNA targeting of CMP- sialic acid synthetase
Research on the soil fractal characteristics and their correlation with soil properties in various forest types: insights from sub-humid area in Northern China
Abstract Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is one of the most important physical attributes due to its great influence on soil properties related to soil management and degradation. Thus, characterizing variations in the PSDs of soil are a major issue in environmental research. To date, the fractal model could well characterize PSD. Furthermore, scientific understanding and evaluation of forest soil quality is the basis for guiding ecological restoration and improvement of forest soil of degraded stands and select suitable tree species for afforestation purposes. Therefore, in this research the typical forest types: Pinus koraiensis , Pinus sylvestris var. mongholica , Quercus mongolica , Juglans mandshurica and mixed conifer-broadleaf ( Pinus koraiensis × Quercus mongolica ) forests in the mountains of eastern Liaoning were taken as the study objects. The topsoil (0–20 cm) and sub-topsoil (20–40 cm) samples, and litter were collected, and the relationship between the soil physiochemical properties and particle size characteristics under natural cultivation measures were evaluated and compared. The results indicated that the soil layer composition of forests were mainly sand (> 40%), followed by silt (> 25%) and clay (> 15%). The particles size characteristics showed well sorted (< 0.35), positive skewness (> 0.80) and narrow kurtosis state (1.11–1.61), and the singular fractal dimension (D) of soil was between 1.82 and 2.75. The mean particle size, D, litter and soil properties in forests were higher than those in non-forest cover control plots, and the Ds showed an increasing trend from conifer to broadleaf forests and from pure forest of single species to mixed conifer-broadleaf forests, and the recovery effect of topsoil soil was better. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there is a positive correlation between physical and chemical indicators, and the singular fractal dimension and capacity dimension are significantly positively correlated with various indicators. Meanwhile, the multifractal dimensions are displayed as capacity dimension > correlation dimension > information dimension, indicating that the PSD is not completely ideal and uniform, thus it is still necessary to use the D to evaluate soil quality in combination with multifractal analysis. In conclusion, D is a sensitive and useful index because it quantifies changes in soil properties and it is highly recommended that broadleaf and mixed conifer-broadleaf forests are suitable for local afforestation for soil restoration purpose. Our results could provide a reliable scientific treatment method for forestry management and reconstruction in sub-humid area in Northern China and the same climate regions around the world.
Human tau promotes Warburg effect–like glycolytic metabolism under acute hyperglycemia conditions
Enhancing wheat resilience to salt stress through an integrative nanotechnology approach with chitosan proline and chitosan glycine
Abstract Salt stress significantly limits wheat production worldwide, jeopardizing food security and sustainable agriculture. Developing strategies to enhance wheat’s resilience to salinity is critical for maintaining yield in affected regions. This study investigates the potential of chitosan-proline (Cs-Pro) and chitosan-glycine (Cs-Gly) nanoparticles in mitigating salt stress in salt-tolerant Heydari and salt-sensitive Sepahan wheat cultivars, with a special question on genotype-dependent differences. Plants were treated with nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L⁻¹ under salt stress levels of 0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl. The salt-tolerant Heydari cultivar exhibited superior adaptability to saline conditions, in addition reacted more positively to nanoparticle treatments. Results demonstrated significant physiological improvements, including increased relative water content (RWC), enhanced chlorophyll content and elevated proline levels, especially after 400 mg L⁻¹ Cs-Pro treatment. Oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide, were substantially reduced, while antioxidant enzyme activity was boosted. Certain stress-responsive genes (e.g., TaADC, TaPxPAO, TaSAMDC, TaSPDS, TaSOS1, TaNHX1) were upregulated, highlighting the importance of ionic balance and polyamine metabolism in improved stress tolerance. The application of Cs-Pro and Cs-Gly nanoparticles presents a promising approach to enhance wheat’s salinity tolerance by improving physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses.