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AI-powered brain device allows paralysed man to control robotic arm

These ‘glass straw’ optical fibres could speed up the Internet

Daily briefing: Epigenetic atlas shows how ageing tweaks DNA

An open-source replication for fast and accessible light propagation modeling in brain tissue

Light simulations hold great potential for advancing optical techniques in neuroscience. They facilitate the in-silico refinement of optical stimulator designs and enable simulations of optical recordings from computational brain models, aiding neuroscience in forming a mechanistic understanding of brain circuitry. However, many published light models are inaccessible due to unavailable source code and documentation or are impractical due to excessive computational demands. To address these challenges, we replicate and enhance the efficient and accurate light simulation model by Yona et al. [1], which was previously available only in compiled form accompanied by sparse documentation. In this work, we resolve ambiguities in the original model, correct errors that caused discrepancies between simulations and published results, improve computational efficiency by an order of magnitude, and open-source all the resulting code and detailed documentation. These enhancements enable simulations of cortical volumes exceeding 1 mm3 to run in seconds on standard laptop hardware. Our model software provides an accessible, adaptable, and rapid light simulation tool, which adheres to FAIR principles to ensure future-proof and broad utility for the neuroscience community.

Many faces of FoMO: A qualitative in-depth investigation of context-specific experiences, emotions, and coping strategies

This study examines how individuals experience fear of missing out (FoMO) across online and offline contexts and the strategies they use to cope. Sixteen individual in-depth interviews (IDIs) with participants aged 18–35 revealed three categories of FoMO: (1) FoMO related to social media, (2) offline FoMO intensified by social media, and (3) solely offline FoMO. Each category features distinct emotional and behavioral responses, with universal coping strategies like distraction, self-reflection, and support-seeking, alongside social media-specific methods such as limiting information access and engaging in a social media detox. This study uniquely encompasses multiple FoMO contexts within a single framework, providing a more comprehensive view of FoMO’s emotional and behavioral impacts. Findings broaden the understanding of FoMO beyond social media, offering valuable insights for mental health professionals and social media platforms in addressing its diverse effects on well-being.

The crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus UMP kinase complexed with a phosphoryl group acceptor and donor

Nucleoside monophosphate kinases play crucial roles in biosynthesis and regeneration of nucleotides. Prokaryotic UMP kinase belongs to a family of amino acid kinases but not to other nucleoside monophosphate kinases. Although many structures of prokaryotic UMP kinase have been determined, limited structural information has been available on the conformational changes along the reaction and allosteric pathways. We determined the crystal structure of UMP kinase of an extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus HB8 in ADP-UDP–bound form at 2.6-Å resolution. The structure of the ADP-UDP complex is the first structure of bacterial UMP kinase with a phosphoryl group donor and an acceptor. Upon simultaneous binding of ADP and UDP, the loop near ADP moved toward the active site without global open-closed conformational changes, compared to the ligand-free and UDP-bound forms. Such a shift was not observed for archaeal UMP kinases but had some similarities to those in other amino acid kinase families of enzymes.

Women’s lived social-cultural and clinical experiences and navigation process after stillbirth in Dodoma Region, Tanzania: A phenomenological study

Background In Tanzania, stillbirth is a public health challenge. The care provided to women after stillbirth does not reflect standards. Little is known on view of the social and clinical human experience surrounding this tragedy. This study explored women lived social-cultural and clinical experiences and the navigation process after stillbirth in Dodoma. Method A phenomenological qualitative approach was conducted from February 15, 2024, to May 30, 2024, involving in-depth interviews with 12 informants (postnatal women) who were purposefully selected, achieving data saturation at 9 informants. Data were transcribed verbatim, manifest coded, and analysed using conventional content analysis. Subsequently, sub-categories and main categories were generated. At the theorizing phase, the conceptual interpretation of categories and subcategories were used to generate the conceptual framework that describes the phenomenon of women’s navigation process from the experienced life challenges towards maintaining the overall well-being after stillbirth. Results The study identifies six main categories of exposure, each with three subcategories: ① Unsatisfactory medical care (dissatisfaction with medical care, neglected bereavement care, and improper breaking of information); ② Diversity and adversity in cultural practices (dominance of elders’ power, diversity of cultural practice and emotional responses); and ③Diversity in social practices (diversity of social responses towards the news, diversity in social responsibilities and diversity experience after social responses), ④ Meaning constructed after still birth (unpleasant phenomenon of stillbirth, all suffering for nothing, the baby could be saved), ⑤ Mental and physical health challenges (anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and physical burden of still birth), ⑥ Navigating the stillbirth experiences (self-coping, social support and hospital support). Conclusion The study found that women who experience stillbirth face significant social, cultural, and psychological challenges that impact their perception and meaning of their world and their mental wellbeing. Ultimately, they invariably navigate to a state of well-being. This highlights the urgent need for culturally sensitive interventions and dedicated healthcare and social support systems to help mothers recover smoothly and swiftly.

The impact of assisted reproductive technologies versus natural conception on neonatal intensive care unit admission: A retrospective cohort analysis

Background The rapid advancement of assisted reproductive technology (ART), coupled with the increasing prevalence of advanced maternal age, has led to a global rise in ART-conceived neonates. Whether these reproductive methods affect neonatal health outcomes, particularly regarding the risk of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, has become a critical concern in perinatal medicine. Objective This study aimed to compare the risk of NICU admission between neonates conceived naturally and those conceived through ART in a large cohort population, with important implications for optimizing perinatal care and improving neonatal outcomes. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the baseline data of 3,867 singleton mothers and their neonates, who were either pregnant through ART or spontaneous conception, at a tertiary maternity hospital in Zhejiang Province from 2022 to 2024. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to match seven potential confounders that might affect the outcomes. Logistic regression analyses (univariate and multivariate, pre- and post-PSM) assessed the association between gestation mode and NICU admission risk, with additional multivariable-adjusted models for deeper investigation.Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted pre- and post-PSM to explore how the mode of gestation impacts the risk of neonatal NICU admission in different population subsets. Finally, PSM was applied to five maternal factors (age, BMI, gestational weeks, gravidity,parity, and pregnancycomplications). Differences in neonatal characteristics, such as gestational weeks, birth weight, delivery method, and delivery-related hemorrhage, were compared across different gestational modes pre- and post-PSM using box scatter plots.We also performed mediation analysis to assess the potential mediating effects of confounding factors, including the mode of delivery and gestational weeks. Results Among 3,867 births, 265 neonates were admitted to the NICU. Restricted cubic spline logistic regression analyses demonstrated that ART-conceived neonates had a lower risk of NICU admission compared to naturally conceived neonates, both before and after PSM.This may be attributed to enhanced prenatal monitoring and selective embryo transfer in ART pregnancies, which could mitigate adverse perinatal outcomes. Subgroup analyses before PSM identified an interaction between cesarean section and ART, which was not observed after PSM.Overall, the results of the subgroup analyses suggest that neonates born through ART have a lower risk of NICU admission across various population subgroups. Box scatter plots showed that ART-conceived neonates had shorter gestational weeks, lower birth weights, higher cesarean section rates, and greater intrapartum hemorrhage (all P < 0.05), with no significant difference in sex distribution (P > 0.05).Additionally, the mediation analysis quantified the effect sizes mediated by delivery mode and gestational age. Conclusion ART-conceived neonates have a reduced risk of NICU admission compared to naturally conceived neonates,potentially due to optimized prenatal care and embryo selection offsetting the risks associated with shorter gestation and lower birth weight.However, the elevated rates of cesarean delivery and intrapartum hemorrhage in ART pregnancies require ongoing clinical attention to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. These findings suggest that while ART may confer neonatal benefits, it carries important maternal risks that warrant consideration in clinical decision-making.

Transcriptional profiling identification of inflammatory signaling pathways in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study identified core genes and pathways involved in UC by performing transcriptional profiling of colon biopsies from UC patients and healthy controls using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A total of 202 samples, including 129 UC patients and 73 healthy controls, were analyzed, measuring the expression of 40,991 genes using a 44K formatted microarray. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified several biomarkers potentially involved in UC development. PLCB3 was significantly downregulated, which suggested its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. In contrast, DUOX2 was upregulated, which indicated its involvement in the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Pathway analysis revealed that PLCB3 is associated with lipid metabolism, NOD-like receptor signaling, and NF-κB signaling pathways, while DUOX2 is linked to reactive oxygen species production and chemokine signaling. The interplay between PLCB3 and DUOX2 suggests their combined impact on inflammatory processes in UC. These insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying UC identify key genes and pathways that could serve as potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Patterns of fear of crime: A mixed-methods exploration of the model of experiential and expressive fear of crime

Hundreds of studies have been published on fear of crime, but few models offer a unified framework for this social phenomenon. This is the ambition of the model of experiential and expressive fear of crime (EEF) developed in the mid-2000s by a team of British researchers. However, despite its numerous contributions, this original model faces two limitations. First, the different versions of the model present certain discrepancies. Second, the statistical methods used consistently rely on hypothetico-deductive reasoning, which may overlook the existence of certain combinations of variables. The objective of this article, based on a French piece of research, is to revisit this model by combining two different families of statistical methods: multivariate configuration analysis and logistic regression analysis. The first analysis attempts to overcome these two limitations by adopting an inductive approach, which involves studying the multidimensional structure of the data without imposing predefined structures on them. It identifies four classes of respondents, each associated with a specific relationship to experiential fear and expressive fear. If the ‘unworried’ and the ‘worried-dysfunctional’ associate these two dimensions of fear of crime, the ‘anxious’ and the ‘worried-functional’ clearly separate them. By adopting an inferential approach, the second analysis aims to determine the sociodemographic factors of these different groups. It shows that the predictors vary significantly from one group to another and that no variable (not even gender) is a predictor for all groups. These results encourage moving beyond the dichotomous conceptualization (‘worried’/ ‘unworried’), which is still widely used in the study of fear of crime. Systematically identifying these different groups could also help combat fear of crime more effectively by implementing targeted and adapted public policies.

How career adaptability affects entrepreneurial intention: The chain-mediated roles of entrepreneurial passion and self-efficacy

This study examined how entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly mediate the relationship between career adaptability and entrepreneurial intention. A survey was conducted with 1013 Chinese university students to assess career adaptability, entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings indicated that: (1) Career adaptability, entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention are interconnected in ways that suggest meaningful pathways for enhancing entrepreneurial outcomes; (2) While career adaptability does not directly influence entrepreneurial intention, it has an indirect effect through entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial passion, highlighting the significance of these mediators; (3) Three specific mediation pathways were identified: one through entrepreneurial passion, one through entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and a third involving both factors in a chain-mediated process—where career adaptability enhances entrepreneurial passion, which then fuels entrepreneurial self-efficacy, ultimately boosting entrepreneurial intention. These findings provided deeper insight into how career adaptability shapes entrepreneurial intention and emphasized the importance of nurturing both entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in university entrepreneurship programs. By implementing educational strategies that enhance these factors, educators can better prepare students for entrepreneurial intentions. Although focused on Chinese university students, the findings have global relevance. They offer actionable guidance for government-led entrepreneurship-education systems in higher-education institutions, particularly those in East Asia and Southeast Asia, aimed at fostering adaptive and confident future entrepreneurs.

Job satisfaction as a moderator between organizational culture and turnover intention among Malaysian police officers

Turnover among police officers poses a serious challenge to law enforcement agencies by affecting operational stability and public trust. While organizational culture and job satisfaction are key factors influencing turnover intention, their combined effects have not been widely studied in policing contexts. This study explores whether job satisfaction moderates the relationship between organizational culture and turnover intention among Malaysian police officers. Although both variables were significantly related to turnover intention, the moderation effect of job satisfaction was not statistically significant. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 373 officers from various departments of the Royal Malaysia Police. Participants completed validated instruments measuring organizational culture, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Data were analysed using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 1) in SPSS to test for moderation effects through hierarchical regression. The analysis revealed that both organizational culture and job satisfaction were significantly and negatively associated with turnover intention, indicating that higher levels of these variables correspond to lower intentions to leave the organization. Officers who perceived stronger organizational culture and reported higher job satisfaction were less likely to express intent to leave. However, job satisfaction did not significantly moderate the relationship between organizational culture and turnover intention (p = .117), indicating that the influence of organizational culture on turnover intention remained stable regardless of satisfaction levels. The findings highlight the importance of fostering a supportive organizational culture to reduce turnover intention among police officers. While job satisfaction independently contributes to retention, it does not significantly alter the impact of organizational culture. These results suggest that efforts to improve retention in policing should focus on structural and cultural reforms in addition to enhancing job satisfaction.

Application of a SODOSM-based MCDM method for evaluating comprehensive fruit quality: A case study of pineapple

This study constructs an evaluation index system and model by integrating objective evaluation methods such as the entropy weight method and TOPSIS with subjective evaluation methods like Delphi and AHP. By analyzed the scatter plots of the comprehensive quality evaluation values of commodity quality before and after weighting, it was found that the quality evaluation values before and after weighting are highly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.908 respectively. The weighting method employed in this study only weights the quality evaluation values within a certain range to reflect the subjective preference of consumers, without destructively altering the quality evaluation. This study aims to construct an evaluation index system and model that not only satisfies subjective preferences but also objectively reflects the true quality of pineapples from multiple indicators and dimensions.

The capacity and influencing factors of primary health care services in China

Objective To analyze the capacity and influencing factors of primary health care services and to provide a scientific basis for promoting the development of primary health care services in China. Methods The entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and rank‒sum ratio (RSR) methods, which are based on the health resource density index (HRDI), were used to analyze the capacity of primary health care services, and multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results Taking the HRDI of primary health care service capacity in 2021 as a reference, the six evaluation indicators of 14 regions, including Hebei, Liaoning, and Shanghai, were higher than the Chinese average. According to the entropy weight TOPSIS method, the average C-values of primary health care service capacity in China from 2017–2021 were 0.303, 0.313, 0.324, 0.331, and 0.326, respectively, with the C-values of regions such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Henan ranking in the top ten, whereas those of regions such as Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet ranked in the bottom five. According to grade divisions by the RSR method, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Beijing were ranked at the good grade level; Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet at the poor grade level; and the remaining 22 regions at the medium grade level. According to the multivariate stepwise regression, population density, health technicians, and the number of beds per 1,000 people were the main factors affecting the capacity of primary health care services in China. Conclusion The overall capacity of primary health care services in China is not high, and regional disparities are substantial. The capacity of primary health care services is better in Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Beijing and worse in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Tibet. The population density and number of health technicians per 1,000 people are the main factors affecting the capacity of primary health care services in China.

Comparison of intra-session reliability of force-velocity-power variables between a horizontal dynamic leg press device and vertical jump tests

This study aimed to compare the intra-session reliability of force-velocity-power variables obtained from a horizontal dynamic leg press device (HDLPD) and vertical jump tests. Nineteen male field hockey players performed maximal leg extension movements in HDLPD under a wide range of available load conditions (100, 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200% body weight [BW]), followed by squat jumps (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) under unloaded (0 kg), moderate- (22.0 ± 4.6 kg), and high-loaded (43.9 ± 9.2 kg) conditions. The peak and mean values of force, velocity, and power derived from the HDLPD, SJ, and CMJ were calculated. The HDLPD showed acceptable intrasession reliability for all experimental outcomes (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.845 to 0.974, coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.43% to 4.52%). The outcome variables during SJ and CMJ had acceptable intra-session reliability, except for the relative reliability of some variables (ICC = 0.588–0.973, CV = 1.19%–8.38%). The results of this study showed that the HDLPD has high intrasession reliability in measuring force-velocity-power variables for maximal leg extension performance. In addition, for some force-velocity-power variables, HDLPD can provide more reliable measurements than vertical jumps. Therefore, the HDLPD can be useful for practitioners who want to reliably measure leg extension strength, speed, and power outcomes.

TIGER: A tdTomato in vivo genome-editing reporter mouse for investigating precision-editor delivery approaches

In vivo genome editing has the potential to address many inherited and environmental disorders. However, a major hurdle for the clinical translation of genome editing is safe, efficient delivery to disease-relevant tissues. A modality-agnostic reporter animal model that facilitates rapid, precise, and quantifiable assessment of functional delivery and editing could greatly enhance the evaluation and translation of delivery technologies. Here, we present the development of the tdTomato in vivo genome-editing reporter (TIGER) mouse, a reporter strain that harbors an integrated and constitutively expressed mutated tdTomato gene in the Polr2a locus. The mutations (Q115X, Q357X) abolish fluorescence, but successful adenine base editing (ABE) or prime editing (PE) restores tdTomato fluorescence. This mouse model facilitates the tissue- and cell type–specific assessment of genome editing agent delivery. We describe several editing strategies validated in vitro and demonstrate efficient ABE and PE in vivo using viral and nonviral delivery vectors targeting four cell types within the mouse eye: the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors, Müller glia, and the trabecular meshwork. We show direct editing characterization in the ocular tissues via in vivo and ex vivo two-photon confocal microscopy and verify the spectral and fluorescence lifetime properties of tdTomato reporter in other mouse tissues. Additionally, we demonstrate successful adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated PE of extraocular tissues, including hepatocytes, skeletal muscle, and brain neurons by intravenous injection. Thus, the TIGER mouse facilitates the direct development, comparison, and optimization of delivery platforms for efficient and productive ABE or PE broadly applicable in vivo across multiple tissues tested in this study.

Phenolic-rich extracts of Teucrium oliverianum confer protection against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats: Insights from metabolomics, biochemical and histopathological analysis

Background Hepatic fibrosis unfolds as a pathological buildup of extracellular matrix triggered by liver injury. Thioacetamide (TAA) plays a versatile role across various fields—from industrial processes and laboratory research to chemical stabilization. Teucrium plants, widely traditional plants, owing to its myriads of pharmacological activities. Methods and findings T. oliverianum ethanolic (TO-EtOH) and ethyl acetate (TO-EtOAc) extracts were explored for their bioactive metabolites via UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS that yielded 48 compounds, mainly flavonoids and phenylethanoid glycosides, alongside phenolic acids, iridoid glycosides, and limonoids. Both extracts showed notable hepatoprotective effects in a thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury model, supporting their therapeutic potential. The TAA group showed a significant increase in AST, ALT, ALP, MDA and TNF-α levels concurrent with a significant decrease of GSH level versus normal control group. In contrast, TO-EtOAC and TO-EtOH administered rats showed a decrease in liver enzymes, including ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, and MDA, and an increase in GSH as compared to the TAA model group. Furthermore, both extracts considerably decreased the overall liver TNF-α content inferring anti-inflammatory action. The histo- and immunohistochemical assays of liver tissue of rats in TAA revealed prominent pathological alterations with bridging fibroplasia in multiple hepatic lobules. A restorative effect that improved hepatic morphology with apparent normal hepatic cells and nominal fibroplasia was evident in the administration of both extracts. Among both extracts, TO-EtOH appeared more effective than TO-EtOAC as manifested by a significant improvement in liver’s biochemical parameters and structural organization. Conclusion This study provides robust evidence supporting the antifibrotic effects of T. oliverianum in a TAA-induced liver injury model. The anti-proliferative activity and hepatoprotective effects are likely to be mediated by its richness in phenolic acids, flavonoids and phenylethanoids.

Nucleotide- and metalloid-driven conformational changes in the arsenite efflux ATPase ArsA

Arsenite (As III ) is toxic to all organisms due to its ability to tightly bind exposed thiols within cells. An important As III resistance mechanism in prokaryotes involves proteins encoded by the ars operon. A central component of the ars operon in many bacteria is the cytoplasmic ATPase, ArsA, which orchestrates a series of nucleotide-dependent handoffs, starting with the capture of As III by the ArsD metallochaperone and culminating in its removal from the cell by the ArsB efflux pump. Although the mechanism of ArsA has been widely studied, the molecular details of how nucleotide hydrolysis modulates these events remain unclear. ArsA is an archetypal member of the intradimeric Walker A (IWA) family of ATPases, implicated in a diversity of complex biological functions. Conformational changes typical of IWA ATPases have been postulated to drive these molecular events but have not been demonstrated. We report cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of ArsA in MgADP-bound and MgATP-bound open states, as well as a distinct closed MgATP-bound state liganded to As III . X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirmed three-coordinate binding of As III to the conserved cysteines at the metalloid-binding site of the closed state. Coupled with biochemical characterization, our cryo-EM structures reveal key conformational changes in the ArsA catalytic cycle consistent with other IWA ATPases and provide the structural basis for allosteric activation of nucleotide hydrolysis by As III . This work establishes how the nucleotide state of ArsA transiently creates a high-affinity binding site that can sequester metalloid within the cell, followed by a nucleotide-driven handoff to ArsB for efflux.

Idiopathic epiretinal membrane area changes in eyes with good vision and the association with visual function

Purpose To evaluate idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) area changes and the association with visual function in patients with good vision, using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO). Methods The medical records of patients with iERM with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥ 20/25 and a follow-up period ≥ 2 years were reviewed retrospectively. BCVA, metamorphopsia, fundus images using cSLO, and optical coherence tomography images were obtained at baseline and every 6 months. The ERM area and diagonal lengths of the long and short axes were determined. The progression group was defined as eyes with ≥2 lines of loss, and the stable group was defined as eyes with less change. Results This study included 46 eyes, with 23 eyes in each group. Participants in the progression group were younger (60.7 vs. 65.7 years, P = 0.015) and showed a larger BCVA change (0.20 vs. 0.04, P < 0.001) and greater ERM area decrease (34.2% vs. 11.7%, P < 0.001) during the follow-up period. In the progression group, BCVA reduction was correlated with area decrease (β = 0.571, P = 0.010). No factors were associated with metamorphopsia. In the univariate analysis, ERM area reduction at 6 months was a significant predictor of vision loss (odds ratio, 1.632; P = 0.002). Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a 7.66% ERM area reduction at 6 months as the optimal cutoff for predicting vision loss (81.8% sensitivity, 82.6% specificity). Conclusions ERM area reduction significantly correlates with vision loss in patients with iERM with good vision. Monitoring ERM area changes can help predict disease progression and visual outcomes.

Universal vortex formation time of flapping flight

Biological flyers periodically flap their appendages to generate aerodynamic forces. Extensive studies have made significant progress in explaining the physics behind their propulsion in cruising by developing scaling laws of their flight kinematics. Notably Strouhal number ( St ; ratio of flapping frequency times stroke amplitude to cruising speed) has been found to fall in a narrow range for animal cruising flights. However, St exhibits strong correlation to flight conditions; as such, its universality has been confined to preferred flight conditions. Since the leading-edge vortices (LEV) on flapping appendages generate the majority of propulsive forces, here we take the perspective of LEV circulation maximization, which generalizes the dimensionless vortex formation time to flapping flight. The generalized vortex formation time scales the duration of vorticity injection with the rate of total vorticity growth inside the LEV and the maximum vorticity allowed inside it. By comparing the new scaling with St of previously reported animal cruising flights of 28 species, we show that the generalized vortex formation time is consistent across different animals and cruising locomotion, independent of flight conditions. This finding advances the fundamental principles underlying the complex wing kinematics of biological flyers and highlights a unifying framework for understanding biolocomotion.