Browse Articles

Effects of sport specific unplanned movements on ankle kinetics and kinematics in healthy athletes from systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Lower limb injuries are common in team sports, often occurring during athletic tasks with high cognitive demands, such as time-constrained decision-making. This systematic review and meta-analysis used robust variance estimation to compare ankle biomechanics during unplanned (time-constrained) versus pre-planned (no decision-making) tasks. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were pooled to assess differences in ankle kinematics and kinetics. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect (until April 2025). Trials assessing ankle kinematics and/or kinetics during pre-planned and unplanned jump-landing or cutting tasks in healthy athletes were included. The GRADE approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence for each outcome as low, moderate, or high. Fifteen trials (162 men, 152 women) with fair to high methodological quality (modified Downs and Black checklist) were identified. In the sagittal plane, low to moderate certainty evidence indicated higher ankle plantarflexion angles during unplanned movement (SMD = 0.27, p = .017). Subgroup analyses showed this effect was most evident in run-and-cut tasks, at initial ground contact, and among elite athletes (SMD = 0.24 to 0.36, p = .017 to .045). Sensitivity analysis excluding outliers indicated low-certainty evidence of increased ankle dorsiflexion angles during unplanned tasks (SMD = 0.25, p = .044), predominantly during the stance phase. Unplanned sports movements may increase ankle plantar- and dorsiflexion, but their impact on injury risk remains uncertain, as these changes may also reflect performance or protective adaptations. Due to the limited number of studies, low certainty of the available evidence, small effect sizes in the sagittal plane, and limited findings in the frontal and transverse planes, further research is warranted to draw more specific conclusions. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024598492 (date of registration: 18 October 2024)

NPK nano-fertilizers enhance growth, oil quality, and yield regularity in Picual olive trees

Abstract This study aimed to assess the impact of green-synthesized NPK nano-fertilizers (NPKNF) on the growth, productivity, and quality of the ‘Picual’ olive cultivar under Egyptian conditions. Foliar sprays of NPKNF at 0 (control), 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg L−1 were applied during the “on-year” season. Evaluations covered vegetative growth, leaf and fruit mineral content, fruit traits, yield, oil and moisture content, and various olive oil quality indicators. In the following “off-year” season, flowering, fruit set, yield, and alternate bearing severity were also examined. Results indicated a significant enhancement in vegetative growth, fruit traits, yield, and oil properties during the “on-year” season in response to increasing NPKNF concentrations. The highest concentration (4000 mg L−1) demonstrated the most pronounced improvements across all evaluated parameters compared to the untreated control. Treated trees produced larger fruits with an increased pulp-to-pit ratio and a higher oil content. Oil extracted from NPKNF-treated fruits exhibited a measurable reduction in total phenolic compounds (289.28, 298.59, and 277.11 mg/kg with 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg L−1, respectively) compared to the untreated control (350.51 mg/kg). These compounds act as natural antioxidants and contribute to the nutritional value and organoleptic properties of olive oil. Despite this reduction, all olive oil samples were classified as extra virgin, with sensory analysis indicating a moderate fruitiness level across treatments. Furthermore, an improvement in olive flowering, fruiting parameters, and yield during the “off-year” was observed, along with a reduction in the severity of alternate bearing in response to NPKNF treatments. One of the most significant outcomes of the study, consistent with its objective, is the significant increase in the number of new shoots per shoot during the “on-year,” reaching 5.09 with NPKNF 4000 compared to 1.03 in the control. This increase contributes to the next season’s yield (“off-year”) by reducing the impact of alternate bearing, as evidenced by the significant difference in severity values, with 85.40 for NPKNF 4000 and 92.66 for the control. These findings emphasize the potential role of NPKNF treatments in enhancing olive fruit quality and oil properties, while also contributing to the mitigation of alternate bearing severity.

Buffering effects of supporting electrolytes on pH profiles in electrochemical cells

Abstract In electrochemical processes, the pH values at the electrodes affect their potentials, reaction kinetics, product compositions, etc. However, predicting local pH values is complicated due to multi-ion movement between the electrodes and buffering effects of the electrolyte constituents. Here, local pH values in an electrochemical cell are studied with a combined model and experimental approach, focussing on buffering effects of supporting electrolytes. The simulated ion displacements are evaluated with optically measured pH values using a thymol blue pH indicator in a Na2SO4-based electrolyte. By including buffering reactions of the pH indicator in the ion transport simulation, the local pH value in the near-neutral area and its temporal change are in precise agreement with the measurements. Without this buffering effect, the simulated propagation velocities of the pH fronts increase as such homogeneous reactions are shown to reduce the ion fluxes and those of the accompanied reaction products. The effect of the ionic strength on the ion transport in multi-ion electrolytes is included by modelling electrolyte transport properties with the Mean Spherical Approximation. Finally, the effects of current density and supporting electrolyte concentration on local pH values are elucidated based on a parameter variation of the simulations presented.

Population genetic structure of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) of the Egyptian fauna

An improved Sinh Cosh optimizer for optimizing energy management system in nano-grids

Abstract The increasing integration of renewable energy sources in Nano-grids has created a need for efficient energy management systems to optimize energy usage and minimize operational costs. Traditional optimization algorithms often struggle with balancing the complex trade-offs between different energy sources, such as wind, solar, natural gas generators, and batteries, resulting in suboptimal performance and higher costs. To address this challenge, this paper introduces the Improved Sinh Cosh Optimizer (ISCHO), a novel meta-heuristic algorithm designed to enhance the energy management system in Nano-grids. ISCHO mimics the characteristics of Sinh and Cosh functions to dynamically adjust the balance between exploration and exploitation, enabling more efficient search space exploration and convergence towards optimal solutions. By optimizing key parameters related to energy generation and storage, ISCHO minimizes the total operational cost of the Nano-grid. Simulation results show that ISCHO outperforms traditional methods by achieving a significant reduction in total costs, making it a robust solution for real-time energy management in Nano-grids. According to population sizes equal 500 and 1000, ISCHO gave the best fitness values, means, and standard deviations of 0, which refered to a significant reduction in total operational costs. For instance, at a population size of 500, ISCHO’s fitness value of 0 was significantly lower than the highest fitness value of 23.768 × 10− 6 recorded by the Chimp algorithm. Furthermore, ISCHO maintained a competitive execution time (e.g., 3.00862 s for population 500), confirming its practical applicability for real-time energy management in Nano-grids. Additionally, results ensured that ISCHO outperformed other algorithms using five benchmark functions. Hence, ISCHO’s competitive execution time further solidifies its effectiveness for real-time energy management in Nano-grids.

Metabolic identification of bioactive compounds of Citrus reticulata cultivars extracts for a novel approach to polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome; is a prevalent endocrine disorder, characterized by hormonal imbalances, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Natural remedies, including Murcott and Merav (Citrus reticulata varieties, Family: Rutaceae) fruits and leaves extracts, have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in alleviating these symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of these extracts concerning their metabolomics in modulating hormonal levels, enhancing lipid metabolism while alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress in mice with polycystic ovary syndrome through the regulation of miR-33b-5P and miR-145 gene expression. UPLC-T-TOF-MS/MS analysis identified and quantified One hundred-seven bioactive metabolites. These metabolites were categorized into various classes according to their chemical structures, including phenolic types such as 68 flavonoids, 4 coumarins and 7 phenolic acids in addition to, 3 nitrogenous compounds, 7 terpenes and terpenoids, 6 fatty acids and their conjugates and 12 miscellaneous compounds. and various biochemical assays were performed. Blood samples were collected to measure plasma FSH, testosterone, LH, and lipid profiles. Oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and COX-2 and NF-kB levels were assessed using ELISA kits. Micro-RNA gene expression, miR-33b-5P and miR-145, related to inflammation and oxidative stress, was analyzed using qRT-PCR. Ovarian tissues were examined histologically to assess morphological changes. These findings highlight that Murcott and Merav extracts could be a promising alternative natural treatment for PCOS, balancing hormonal levels, improving lipid profiles, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Merav leaves emerged as the most promising candidate for PCOS therapy, attributed to their high levels of methylated kaempferol, a key bioactive flavonoid.

Impact of decoration of spherical silicon nanoparticles on 2D Ni-MOF nanosheets for integrating superior photodegradation of toxic organic pollutants in aqueous solution

Abstract The contamination of water resources by toxic organic pollutants poses severe environmental and health risks, representing a critical global challenge that demands the development of efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable remediation strategies. Herein, we report a scalable synthesis of a novel photocatalyst consisting of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets of a nickel-based metal–organic framework (Ni-MOF) in conjunction with low-bandgap silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs). The Si-NPs of an average diameter of 7.42 nm was developed using an economical method from locally available sand. The impregnated Si-NPs onto the Ni-MOF nanosheets using a green approach affording bandgap engineering. The results indicate that highly pure Si-NPs was successfully developed in scalable quantity from locally available sand. Various mass loadings in the range of 1–7.5 wt% of developed Si-NPs were decorated on the surface of Ni-MOF nanosheets yielding new nanophotocatalysts recording bandgap of 2.68 eV and achieving reduction by ~ 50% compared to Ni-MOF sheets free Si-NPs. The attained photocatalysts were then exploited for photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants, including Malachite Green (MG), Crystal violet dye (CV), and Tetracycline (TC) and demonstrated excellent degradation efficacy. The photocatalytic degradation of MG, CV, and TC, achieving degradation efficiencies of 91.7%, 86.8%, and 95.2%, respectively, representing a significant enhancement compared to silicon-free Ni-MOF (MG: 45.8%, CV: 39.6%, TC: 44.6%). Photocatalytic degradation factors such as initial organic pollutant concentration, pH, catalyst dose, reaction time, and temperatures were also studied. Importantly, the adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters were also investigated. The biological phytotoxicity study shows no significant differences of plant height between the plants irrigated with regular water (19.90 ± 1.7 cm) and those irrigated with water treated with the developed photocatalyst (18.86 ± 2.92 cm) in comparison to polluted water irrigate plant (14.49 ± 2.10 cm). Additionally, the antimicrobial study confirmed the inhibitory actions against bacterial strains, achieving antibacterial inhibition zone of 47.7 mm and 30 mm, against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Interestingly, the reusability and economic feasibility indicates that the developed catalyst can be reused efficiently for up to 5 cycles without significant decrease in photocatalyst efficiency and cost of photocatalyst, which is sufficient for treating approximately 20 m3 of wastewater efficiently, is about $154.50, respectively.

Artifact detection in fluorescence microscopy using convolutional autoencoder

Abstract To ensure analytical accuracy in fluorescence microscopy image analysis, robust artifact detection is essential. For large datasets or time-sensitive analyses, automation is advisable, as it not only reduces time and costs but also eliminates human bias and enhances reproducibility. Although artificial intelligence is commonly employed for artifact detection, it is typically limited to recognizing artifact types that have been previously learned, often necessitating large training datasets. This study proposes an approach for an automated detection of previously unseen artifacts without the need for a training set of artifact-laden images. Multiple datasets were assembled using images generated by our surface-based intensity distribution analysis (sFIDA) technology during different experiments. A convolutional autoencoder was trained on a dataset of artifact-free images to reproduce preprocessed images accurately. Artifact-laden images are subsequently detected by computing the difference between the input and output of the model, with increased discrepancies indicating the presence of artifacts. The proposed model is capable of classifying artifacts across different datasets with an average accuracy of 95.5%. Additionally, the model was able to detect unseen artifacts of various types, including differences in cause, structure, size and intensity. The findings demonstrate that convolutional autoencoders provide a lightweight, but effective method for detecting artifact-laden images. While the method was tested only on sFIDA images, its design, which does not rely on an artifact specific training set, suggests potential for use across various microscopy techniques.

Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of Xanthan gum-grafted polyacrylamide hydrogel for the removal of acid red 8 dye from aqueous solutions

Abstract This study focuses on creating a sustainable, biodegradable, and affordable hydrogel from xanthan gum grafted polyacrylamide using a microwave-assisted synthesis method. The hydrogel is designed to remove Acid red 8 dye (AR8) from aqueous solutions using adsorption technique. Characterization was done using FTIR, SEM, and TGA analyses. Factors affecting the adsorption of AR8 dye onto the hydrogel such as grafting percent, pH, hydrogel dosage, contact time and the dye’s initial level in solution, temperature, as well as the reusability studies were investigated. The results indicated that at pH 1, the swelling ratio reached 1720% after 20 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of AR8 dye was 177 mg/g after 20 min, with no significant increase beyond 20 min. The percent of dye removal (%) increased from 84.7 to 88.6 with increasing the hydrogel dosage from 0.0063 to 0.05 g/L and there was no increase above 0.05 g/L. The percent of dye removal of AR8 increased with increasing the percentage of grafting due to rising the number of functional groups grafted on XG backbone. Also, qe decreased as temperature increased from 20 to 60 °C.

A quasi-randomised pilot study on the efficacy and perceived usefulness of adding chemosignals to mindfulness practice for women with social anxiety

Abstract Body odours (BOs) of individuals in specific emotional states can influence receivers’ responses – referred to as an emotional contagion. To investigate the potential of BOs to enhance the effects of mindfulness practice, this quasi-randomised pilot study tested the hypothesis that participants exposed to emotional BOs during mindfulness meditation would exhibit a steeper decrease in state anxiety symptoms compared to mindfulness alone (clean air control). Ninety-eight women meeting criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) received two mindfulness sessions over two consecutive days, while randomly allocated to one of four conditions: fear BO, joy BO, neutral BO or a clean air control group. No odour × time interaction effect was observed, rejecting the primary hypothesis. Although not statistically significant, effect size estimates suggested a greater reduction in state anxiety for the group receiving fear chemosignals (Day 1 Cohen’s d = 0.26, Day 2 Cohen’s d = 0.54) compared to the clean air control group. Moreover, the BO groups perceived the mindfulness practice as significantly more helpful compared to the control group (p = 0.002). Given the sample size limits, a larger Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) incorporating more mindfulness + BO sessions is recommended to further examine the therapeutic potential of human BOs.

Epigenomic profiling of immune cell subtypes reveals H3K27ac-marked stress signatures after long-duration spaceflight

Abstract Long-duration spaceflight imposes significant physiological stress on astronauts, including profound alterations in immune function. This study investigated epigenetic changes in immune cells following prolonged orbital spaceflight by analysing histone modifications in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from astronauts before, immediately after, and during recovery from spaceflight. Using Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (Cut&Tag) to assess H3K27ac modifications, we identified significant alterations in chromatin accessibility, predominantly involving immune response pathways, gene regulation, and cellular adaptation mechanisms. While some epigenetic changes were transient, others persisted beyond 50 days post-return, suggesting long-term effects. These findings enhance our understanding of immune adaptation to spaceflight and have implications for mitigating spaceflight-associated health risks. Furthermore, they provide valuable insights into immune system regulation under high-stress conditions, potentially informing research on immunodeficiency disorders, cancer epigenetics, and aging-related immune decline on Earth. This study underscores the critical role of epigenetics in long-term space missions and terrestrial health applications.

Securely stressed: association between attachment and empathic stress in romantic couples

Abstract Stress-related disorders are common in modern societies. What adds to the burden is empathic stress, arising when observing another’s stress elicits a stress response in the observer. In romantic couples, we investigated the association between empathic stress and adult attachment—a deep emotional bond between partners—to understand its inherent facets of risk and resilience. Psychosocial stress was induced in one partner (“target”) while the other passively observed the situation (“observer”). Stress reactivity was measured in both partners via salivary cortisol, heart rate, high-frequency heart rate variability, and questionnaires. Observers’ attachment representations were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview. We found higher cortisol resonance—that is, proportionality in stress reactivity in targets and observers—in dyads with securely as opposed to insecurely attached (specifically insecure-dismissing) observers. Consistent with attachment as a resilience factor, our results suggest that securely attached individuals are physiologically more in tune with their partners during psychosocially stressful situations, possibly allowing for mutual understanding and triggering supportive behavior. However, suggesting a potential risk inherent to attachment security, in contexts of frequent or extreme partner stress, securely attached individuals may also be prone to excessive empathic stress activation and subsequent health impairments.

Improving electrocoagulation performance by adding environmentally friendly materials

Abstract This study investigates the enhancement of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater by adding mucilage extracted from Egyptian taro ( Colocasia esculenta ). EC is an efficient, eco-friendly method for removing pollutants such as total dissolved solids, total suspended solids (TSS), color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. The research explores the effects of different operational parameters, including applied voltage, treatment time, and pH, on the efficiency of EC using iron/aluminum electrodes. Mucilage was added as an environmentally friendly additive to enhance removal efficiency. The study used a laboratory-scale setup with kinetic and thermodynamic analyses to evaluate the removal mechanisms. Results indicate that the addition of mucilage improved COD removal, while other parameters like color and TSS were better without additives. The findings demonstrate that mucilage can be a potential enhancer in wastewater treatment, with the Langmuir and Freundlich models applied to describe the adsorption process.

Applications of marine red seaweed Pterocladia capillacea biomass in removal of hexavalent chromium and crystal violet dye from several wastewaters

Subfamily-selective PCR primers for the human LINE1 L1PA lineage

Abstract Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE1) retrotransposons are classified into different subfamilies based on evolutionary history. For human biology, the L1PA lineage of LINE1s is particularly significant. This lineage contains both retrotransposition-competent and inactive subfamilies. PCR-based methods are widely used to monitor LINE1s in genomic DNA. However, PCR analysis distinguishing between L1PA lineage subfamilies of different evolutionary age is thus far challenging due to the difficulty to design primers that are sufficiently specific. Here, we developed and applied a workflow to design PCR primers that discriminate between different subfamilies of the L1PA lineage. Amplicon sequencing after PCR amplification of genomic DNA confirmed that the primers differentiate between groups of L1PA subfamilies of different evolutionary age. We validated the primers using RT-qPCR and verified consistency with publicly available RNA-seq data. Moreover, inhibition of DNA methyltransferase dose-dependently increased LINE1 expression for younger L1PA subfamilies, consistent with transcriptional de-repression. Thus, our primers enable PCR-based surveys that can stratify expression, copy number or epigenetic modification for L1PA subfamilies of differing evolutionary age.

Strength and sustainability of recycled alkali-activated concrete across temperature and curing regimes

Abstract The construction industry increasingly adopts sustainable materials and strategies to mitigate its environmental impact. This study evaluates geopolymer concrete incorporating recycled aggregates (GOCRA) as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional cement-based materials. A cement-free geopolymer binder composed of aluminosilicate-rich waste materials and alkaline activators (Na₂SiO₃/NaOH) was used to prepare mixtures containing natural coarse aggregate (basalt) and recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), including crushed concrete (CC) and crushed ceramic (CE). Specimens were cured at 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C for 60 h to assess the influence of curing temperature on compressive strength development. The results showed that geopolymer concrete incorporating recycled aggregates exhibited comparable mechanical performance to control mixes with natural aggregates. The highest compressive strength was recorded when curing at 60 °C for 60 h, reaching 41.5 MPa in the reference mix and approximately 37–38 MPa in mixes containing crushed concrete and crushed ceramic. These results confirm that recycled aggregates can produce sustainable geopolymer concrete with good strength. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a dense microstructure with strong interfacial bonding. These findings highlight the potential of geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates to achieve both environmental benefits and satisfactory mechanical properties. A novel approach is presented for estimating the porosity of crushed aggregate mixtures using ImageJ software, providing a simple and cost-effective alternative to traditional laboratory methods.

Correction: Local microglial activation induced and labeled in the retina in a novel subretinal hemorrhage mouse model

Marine-derived peptides from Rapana venosa inhibit breast cancer cell growth through synergistic mechanisms with doxorubicin

Abstract Marine natural products are a promising source of novel anticancer agents. This study evaluated the antitumor activity of peptide fractions derived from the marine gastropod Rapana venosa against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (estrogen receptor-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative). Peptides were isolated by enzymatic hydrolysis and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. All seven isolated fractions were systematically screened against four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, CaCo-2, and HepG2) to assess cancer type selectivity. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay, while cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Gene expression changes were examined by RT-qPCR. Two peptide fractions, RV1 and RV2, demonstrated remarkable selectivity for breast cancer cells, exhibiting 25–95-fold higher potency compared to other cancer types. These fractions showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 6.887–7.288 μg/ml (RV1) and 4.886–6.268 μg/ml (RV2) against breast cancer cells. Both fractions induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis through multiple pathways, upregulating pro-apoptotic genes (TP53, AIFM1, CASP3, BAX) and downregulating anti-apoptotic markers (BCL2, miR-155). Most significantly, combination treatments with doxorubicin resulted in remarkable synergistic effects, with RV2 + doxorubicin achieving 78.9% total apoptosis compared to 33.5% with doxorubicin alone. These results indicate that R. venosa-derived peptides exert selective anticancer effects against breast cancer cells through multiple mechanisms. The observed selectivity and synergism with doxorubicin suggest their potential as targeted adjuvant agents in combination chemotherapy. Further structural characterization and in vivo studies are needed to advance their therapeutic development.

Age-related differences in muscular coordination while performing elbow flexion and extension movements at different velocities

Abstract Life expectancy is increasing worldwide, with older adults expected to account for 16% of the population within 30 years. Understanding age-related declines in muscle function is crucial for prevention and maintaining independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Additionally, a major consequence of these declines is the development of the physical frailty phenotype. Therefore, this study aimed to identify changes in muscular coordination during elbow flexion and extension with aging and varying movement velocities. Twelve older adults (76 ± 6.5 years) performed the movements at varying angular velocities using a constant 1 kg external load (0.4 Nm). Elbow joint kinematics and muscle activity (biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii) were recorded using motion capture and surface electromyography and compared to 15 healthy young adults (26.2 ± 3.2 years) under identical conditions. Clinical assessments in the older group also evaluated comorbidities, ADL dependency, and frailty risk. Despite being considered healthy, older adults showed indicators of physical decline and exhibited increased muscular coactivation, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to maintain joint stability. However, coordination patterns remained unchanged across velocities, indicating stability with age. These findings suggest changes may occur before clinical decline and should be considered in training strategies for older adults.

Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B is a potential biomarker for arthroplasty aseptic loosening

Abstract Endoprosthesis loosening is the major cause of arthroplasty failure. Currently, radiography, histo-pathological classification of the periprosthetic membrane, and microbiological examination are used retrospectively for diagnosis. Prospective options for early diagnosis are not available. The study presented here aimed to identify (prospective) molecular biomarkers of implant loosening in tissue samples from patients. Four patient cohorts (primary and revision arthroplasty due to aseptic loosening of hip or knee) were defined. Aseptic loosening of implants was assessed by the standardised approach of the Knee Society Total Knee Arthroplasty Roentgenographic Evaluation and Scoring System. Synovial fluid, bone marrow, and blood were collected from 96 patients. Mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) were isolated from the bone marrow. Bulk RNA-sequencing of 28 samples (including a fifth patient cohort with knee arthrofibrosis as aseptic cause for revision surgery) showed that Glycoprotein Non-Metastatic Melanoma Protein B mRNA ( GPNMB ) was significantly upregulated in BM-MSCs derived from revision patients compared to patients with primary implantations. Elevated GPNMB mRNA levels were confirmed with qRT-PCR. Synovial fluid plasma study by ELISA revealed increased levels of GPNMB protein in patients undergoing revision surgery compared to patients undergoing primary arthroplasty. GPNMB concentration in synovial fluid plasma, which can be obtained non-invasively, could be a potential biomarker for early detection of implant loosening, ahead of current diagnostic procedures.