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Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of Satureja montana L. and Satureja hortensis L.: Culinary herbs with antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant potential

The increasing global burden of oxidative stress-related conditions, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders underscores the urgent need for multi-targeted, plant-based therapeutic agents. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of various Satureja hortensis and Satureja montana extracts and essential oils. In vitro biological activities were assessed through α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays, along with DPPH• and ABTS• ⁺ radical scavenging assays. At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, S. hortensis root methanol extract (ShRME) and herb water extract (ShHWE) exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (69.88% and 71.23%, respectively). Conversely, S. montana herb water extract (SmHWE) and methanol extract (SmHME) showed the highest DPPH• radical scavenging activity (36.28% and 24.37%, respectively). S. montana essential oil (SmEO) demonstrated notable inhibition of AChE (32.58%) and BChE (41.62%) at 1000 µg/mL, while S. hortensis essential oil (ShEO) inhibited BChE by 44.39%. GC-MS analysis revealed that SmEO primarily contained carvacrol (43.72%), γ-terpinene (17.24%), and p-cymene (14.56%), while ShEO was rich in thymol (39.84%), γ-terpinene (20.16%), and p-cymene (13.72%). These phenolic monoterpenes are likely contributors to the observed antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Principal component analysis explained 74.8% of the total variance and clearly separated the samples based on their activity profiles. Extracts were closely associated with glucose-regulating effects, while essential oils clustered with enzyme-inhibiting neuroprotective activities. These findings highlight the multifunctional therapeutic potential of Satureja species and support their further investigation as candidates for the development of plant-derived agents against oxidative stress, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Mycelial traits and GRSP in enhancing soil stability on cold region highway slopes: Comparative effects of three shrub species

In cold regions, the stability of highway slopes is crucial for infrastructure preservation, yet it remains highly vulnerable to soil erosion. This study investigated the role of mycelial traits in reinforcing soil aggregate stability by examining three shrub species—Amorpha fruticosa Linn. (AFL), Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. (LBT), and Swida alba Opiz. (SAO)—across two slope gradients (30° and 60°) in northeastern China. We measured water-stable aggregates, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions, and mycelial traits. Results showed that AFL exhibited significantly greater aggregate stability than LBT and SAO, with its stability values 23.1–36.9% higher at the steep slope and 8.7–30.4% higher at the gentle slope. Strong correlations (r > 0.90) between EE-GRSP, mycelial traits, and aggregate stability explained up to 95.1% of the variance on gentle slopes, demonstrating a synergistic trait-based mechanism. However, slope gradient altered this coupling: GRSP efficacy diminished under steep slopes, leaving mycelial traits as the dominant driver of soil stability. These findings reveal a slope-dependent reallocation between physical scaffolding and biochemical adhesion, highlighting AFL and its mycelial traits as critical for slope stabilization in cold regions. The study provides a mechanistic basis for selecting shrub species in slope restoration and offers practical insights into erosion control under global change.

Exploring prompts to elicit memorization in masked language model-based named entity recognition

The possibility of identifying specific information about the training data a language model memorized poses a privacy risk. In this study, we analyze the ability of prompts to detect training data memorization in six masked language models, fine-tuned for named entity recognition. Specifically, we employ a diverse set of 1,200 automatically generated prompts for three entity types and a detection dataset that contains entity names present in the training set (in-sample names) and names not present (out-of-sample names). Here, prompts constitute patterns that can be instantiated with candidate entity names, and the prediction confidence of a corresponding entity name serves as an indicator of memorization strength. The prompt performance of detecting memorization is measured by comparing the confidences of in-sample and out-of-sample names. We show that the performance of different prompts varies by as much as 24.5 percentage points on the same model, and prompt engineering further increases the gap. Moreover, our experiments demonstrate that prompt performance is model-dependent but does generalize across different name sets. We comprehensively analyze how prompt performance is influenced by prompt properties (e.g., length) and contained tokens.

Integrating co-design into formative research for a SBCC entry-point platform for nutrition-sensitive social protection programs in low -and middle-income country settings

Background Achieving adequate nutrition for vulnerable populations is an objective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Nutrition-sensitive social protection programs, including those that promote nutrition through Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), have the potential to reduce malnutrition and provide social supports to those most in need. Country-level needs assessments can clarify key issues. When supported by co-design approaches, program formative research may provide more culturally contextualised SBCC for the improved delivery of nutrition social protection to vulnerable groups. This formative study from Pakistan and Bangladesh, integrated co-design to more fully explore program beneficiary knowledge, attitudes and perceptions toward nutrition social protection to inform the design of SBCC key messages and an entry-point platform to ensure effective message dissemination. Methods Qualitative formative research was conducted to support findings from a systematic review. Thirty semi-structured interviews with program stakeholders and 12 focus group discussions (134 participants) were conducted with program beneficiaries in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Co-design sessions supplemented the needs assessment protocol. A COREQ checklist ensured best practice approaches in research design, analysis and reporting. NVIVO 2023 qualitative software supported the thematic analysis. Results Four organising themes were identified: 1. Barriers to Program Engagement, 2. Opportunities for Program Improvement, 3. Knowledge Attitudes and Practices, and 4. Target Groups, Messaging and SBCC Entry-Points, with 21 sub-themes emerging under the four organising themes. Main barriers related to resource constraints and maladministration of SPPs while opportunities identified greater integration of cash transfers with nutritious food provision, increased engagement with key influencers in vulnerable communities, and identification of culturally nuanced messages with dissemination through preferred channels. Integrating co-design sessions provided greater ownership, participation and engagement by program beneficiaries and more pragmatic SBCC solutions to challenges identified. Conclusion The needs assessments and integrated co-design sessions highlighted the benefits of close consultation with program beneficiaries in the design of culturally appropriate SBCC interventions to support nutrition-sensitive social protection programs. A SBCC entry-point platform was developed from participant recommendations to provide options for programmers on message designs, advocacy approaches and dissemination channels with the approaches applicable for a number of low -and middle-income countries where malnutrition is a major challenge.

Retraction: Dose institutional quality influences the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions?

Catheter ablation in patients on mechanical circulatory supports for cardiogenic shock

Short-term mechanical circulatory supports (MCS) are used to stabilize patients with severe cardiogenic shock (CS). Catheter ablation may be an option to suppress recurrent arrhythmias preventing MCS weaning. We retrospectively analysed a dedicated registry to identify CS patients who underwent a catheter ablation between January 2020 and August 2024 for treatment resistant and hemodynamically significant arrhythmias while being on the MCS. Patients with supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias (SVT/VT) were analysed separately. Nine patients (8 males, 69 [IQR 60;74] years) were ablated for a refractory VT. Impella CP was used in 6 patients, VA ECMO in 2 patients, and 1 patient was on ECPELLA. Seven patients (78%) were successfully weaned off the MCS after the catheter ablation. 3 patients (33%) died within 30 days. The arrhythmia recurred in 5 patients (56%). Significant complications of MCS were reported in 6 patients (66%). The catheter ablation was complicated in one patient. SVT ablation was performed in 4 patients (3 males, 73 [IQR 67; 78] years, 1x VA ECMO, 2x Impella CP, 1x Impella 5.5). Three patients with atrial fibrillation were treated by a non-selective AV node ablation (pace and ablate strategy). One patient underwent an ablation of focal atrial tachycardia. The MCS was successfully explanted in all patients and no patient died in 30 days. The MCS use was complicated in one patient. Catheter ablation of refractory arrhythmias in CS patients treated by MCS is a safe and feasible approach to facilitate the MCS weaning process.

Study on the effect of modified Liu-an decoction on Th1/Th2 function in Guinea pigs with cough variant asthma through the Notch signal pathway

Objective To explore the effects and mechanism of Modified Liu-an Decoction (MLAD) on Th1/Th2 function and the Notch signaling pathway in guinea pigs with cough variant asthma (CVA). Methods 60 SPF Hartley guinea pigs were randomized into six groups (n = 10): the blank control group, model group, montelukast sodium group (MS group), as well as MLAD group of low-dose, mid-dose and high-dose. Intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin, aluminum hydroxide sensitization, and nebulized inhalation of ovalbumin were performed in all guinea pigs of non-blank control groupto induce CVA. Cough frequency and airway resistance were recorded. The chronic inflammatory infiltration in the airways was detected by using HE and Masson staining smears. The IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-13 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The expression of Delta, Jagged1, Notch1, and NICD proteins in the lung tissues were analyzed by Western blot. Results In terms of airway sensitivity, coughing time and airway resistance were reduced in the MLAD and MS groups compared to the model group (P < 0.05). MLAD reduced the inflammatory infiltration in the lungs of CVA guinea pigs compared with the model group (P < 0.05).For cytokines in BALF, the contents of IL-2 and IL-12 were increased in the MS group and each dose group of MLAD compared with the model group, and the contents of IL-4 and IL-13 were decreased compared with them.The contents of IL-12 were significantly different in each dose group of MLAD compared with the model group; the contents of IL-2 and IL-4 differed with increasing concentrations of MLAD. 4 content with increasing MLAD concentration, the more significant difference. IL-13 content decreased significantly in the MLAD low dose group compared with the model group (P < 0.05). In the serum cytokine model group IL-2, IL-12, IL-13 content were significantly higher than the blank group, IL-4 content was lower than the blank group, and the difference between each intervention group and the model group was not regular. The expression levels of Jagged1, Notch, and NICD proteins in the CVA guinea pigs in the MS group and the low-dose MLAD group were decreased compared with those in the model group, and the expression of Delta1 protein was increased compared with that in the model group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The addition of Liuan Decoction to the lungs can clear lungs and remove heat and strengthen the spleen to resolve phlegm, congestion, edema degree, reduce airway inflammation, and at the same time can reduce peri-tracheal collagen deposition, effectively improve airway remodeling, by regulating the dynamic balance of Th1/Th2. The specific downstream regulatory mechanisms of Notch signaling pathway need to be explored in further studies.

Traditional values and adolescent depression: Unraveling mediating mechanisms through self-esteem

Drawing on nationally representative data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this research examines the mechanisms through which traditional values influence adolescent depressive symptoms via self-esteem. Utilizing Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) decomposition analysis with a sample of 4,217 adolescents aged 10−19 years, we found that overall traditional values demonstrated a nonsignificant total effect (β = −0.471, p = 0.116) yet exhibited a significant indirect effect through self-esteem (β = −0.447, p < 0.01 = 0.001, 95% CI [−0.716, −0.177]). Material-oriented and mortality-related values, including pursuit of wealth (β = 0.222, p = 0.178), avoiding social disapproval (β = −0.388, p = 0.031), and posthumous remembrance (β = −0.065, p = 0.648), demonstrated no significant mediation effects. Future-oriented traditional values manifested complete mediation through self-esteem, with significant indirect effects for intimate relations (β = −0.155, p = 0.026), achievement orientation (β = −0.226, p = 0.005), family cohesion (β = −0.255, p = 0.019), lineage continuation (β = −0.159, p = 0.020), and offspring success (β = −0.166, p = 0.042). Hedonic value orientation manifested partial mediation with both significant direct (β = −0.410, p = 0.050) and indirect effects (β = −0.312, p = 0.001). These findings illuminate how traditional values influence adolescent mental health in contemporary China, where distal life-course values operate through self-evaluative mechanisms, while proximate experiential values maintain direct psychological effects.

The role of human factors in paramedics’ clinical judgement – A modified Delphi study

Objective In emergency medical services (EMS), work environments and circumstances are variable and make clinical judgement challenging. Little is known about the human factors that can affect paramedics’ clinical judgement in different situations. The aim of this study was to identify the key human factors that can affect paramedics’ clinical judgement during EMS missions, according to paramedic experts. Methods A three-round modified Delphi study was conducted in 2024. Advanced level paramedics with at least five years of experience in EMS across Finland were included in the study. In the first two rounds, experts evaluated statements using seven- and five-point Likert scales. In Round 3, experts selected the five most significant human factors affecting paramedics’ clinical judgement and describe related situations. The consensus level was set at ≥ 75%, and open-ended responses were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Forty-seven experts participated in Round 1 and the response rates for Rounds 2 and 3 were 91% and 58%, respectively. After Round 1,16 statements were removed, 20 new statements were introduced, and four original statements were revised for Round 2. As consensus was not reached in the first two rounds, the analysis approach was modified to report medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). The experts identified 13 key human factors (IQR ≤ 1), with the four most significant being: 1) Unsafe locations involving a perceived risk to one’s own and/or colleagues’ work safety; 2) One’s own attitude towards work tasks; 3) Support received from a physician when carrying out the mission, and 4) One’s own and one’s work partner’s problem-solving ability in relation to the situation at the scene. Conclusions The present study found consensus on the four most significant human factors affecting paramedics’ clinical judgement. Organisations need to provide adequate resources for situations involving occupational safety risks and provide support for paramedics’ mental wellbeing.

Analysis of patients preferences in type 2 diabetes mellitus second-line drug treatment: A discrete choice experiment

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) represents a major public health challenge with significant effects on morbidity and mortality. Clinical guidelines provide treatment recommendations, but there is limited understanding of patients’ preferences. This study aimed to elicit preferences for second-line drug treatments for T2D. Method A Discrete Choice Experiment with a partial-profile design was conducted from August to November 2023, involving German patients with experience in either monotherapy or second-line drug treatment. Participants completed 12 choice tasks, each presenting three alternatives described by attributes: risk of myocardial infarction, risk of stroke, risk of nerve damage, risk of nausea, risk of severe hypoglycemia, weight change, type and frequency of intake, and schedule of intake. Statistical analyses employed the Conditional Logit and Random Parameter Logit models to assess main effects and heterogeneity. Results The study encompassed 583 adult individuals with T2D, evenly divided between the two populations. Key factors influencing choice decisions included risk of nausea, risk of nerve damage, and weight change, with weekly type and frequency of intake risk of myocardial infarction followed. Less impactful but still relevant were risks of stroke, and severe hypoglycemia, while the intake schedule was least significant. Analysis of BMI categories revealed distinct preferences, particularly in weight change, with significant heterogeneity observed among respondents. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of incorporating patient preferences into clinical decision-making. By quantifying preferences for second-line drug treatments, the study underscores the need for low-risk options that also consider weight change and intake conditions, aligning with the German National Health Care Guideline for T2D objectives for shared decision-making and treatment adherence. Recognizing individual sensitivities to risks and benefits is crucial for tailoring effective T2D treatment strategies. The study bridges clinical findings with patient perspectives, offering valuable insights into clinical practice, consideration for HTA processes, and design of clinical studies.

Study protocol for the Health Outcomes in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (HOPE) Study: A mother-infant study in American Samoa

Pacific Islanders, including those in American Samoa, face a disproportionately high burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and related sequalae of metabolic conditions. The CREBRF rs373863828 genetic variant, which is uniquely common among Pacific Islanders, has been paradoxically associated with higher body mass index (BMI) but lower risk of type 2 diabetes. While emerging evidence suggests this variant may influence both maternal metabolic outcomes and infant growth, studies in pregnancy and early life remain limited. The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol for a study designed to address these gaps. The Health Outcomes in Pregnancy and Early Childhood (HOPE) Study is an observational, longitudinal cohort study that will enroll up to 180 Samoan pregnant women and their infants (target n = 150 dyads completing study protocols) in American Samoa, with follow-up through six months postpartum/postnatal. The study includes questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and biospecimen collection. Genetic and epigenetic analyses will examine associations between maternal and infant CREBRF rs373863828 genotype, gestational diabetes status, infant body size, and cord blood DNA methylation. The study is approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University, and the American Samoa Department of Health, as well as the Lyndon B. Johnson Tropical Medical Center (American Samoa) Research Oversight Committee. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, and community reports.

Correction: Cocaine self-administration attenuates brain glucose metabolism and functional connectivity in rats

Increase in self-reported empathy during medical school training: A longitudinal study

Background Empathy is a fundamental tool in clinical practice, but despite its importance and benefits, it is often underrepresented in medical curricula. This study explored the evolution of medical students’ empathy longitudinally across six years of undergraduate training following the introduction of a curriculum with 4-hour workshops during each of the six clinical rotations from Years 4 to 6, complemented by self-reflections after each rotation. Methods Students of the 2016 class (graduated 2022) completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Students (JSE-S) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) at the beginning of Year 1 (T0) of studies, beginning Year 3 (T1), end Year 3 (T2) and end Year 6 (T3). The NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory was completed at T0. Empathy scores across timepoints were analyzed using repeated measured analyses of variance (ANOVA). Results 36.1% and 32.5% of 169 eligible students completed the JSE-S and IRI scores respectively at all four timepoints. The JSE-S total mean score increased significantly across the six years of medical course (p < 0.001), as did the IRI total mean score (p < 0.001). In addition, the mean JSE-S total score increased significantly between T3 vs T0 (p < 0.001), T3 vs T2 (p < 0.001 and T2 vs T1 (p = 0.028); and the mean IRI total increased significantly between T3 vs T0 (p < 0.001) and T3 vs T2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion Medical students who experienced a new professionalism program increased their empathy as measured by the JSE-S and IRI instruments across the six years of curriculum.

Multi-cancer analysis of histopathologic MSI screening based on digital histology image

Microsatellite instability, a genetic indication of DNA mismatch impairment, provides promising treatment options. Our study aimed to detect the mutation with whole-slide image (WSI) and discover the most effective pre-trained deep-learning model to sort diagnostic slides between high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable (MSS). WSI data retrieved from public dataset were processed for training and evaluating MSI categorization model. We detected MSI in slide levels for colorectal cancer (CRC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), uterine corpus, and endometrial adenocarcinoma (UCEC). Models trained with a single tissue type were evaluated with the test dataset of corresponding tissue and subsequently with the test dataset of other types of tissue (cross-tissue evaluation). Finally, another model trained with multi-tissue types was built to predict the test dataset of individual tissue. Our models achieved AUC values of 0.93, 0.84, and 0.79 in TCGA-CRC, TCGA-STAD and TCGA-UCEC, respectively. We observed that a model trained on a corresponding tumor tissue demonstrates higher accuracy, particularly compared to those trained on other tumor tissues. In the combined model trained on multi-tissue, we observed diverse outcomes regarding which model was prioritized depending on the cancer type. These results demonstrate that models trained on multiple tissues have the potential to discern features that are generalizable across different types of cancer.

Collision risk analysis in the merging area of interchanges using Monte Carlo traffic simulation

Traffic simulation has gained significant attention due to its ability to quickly evaluate traffic efficiency and safety in the merging areas of interchanges. However, most of the existing studies mainly investigate how to achieve great traffic efficiency, few studies focus on simulation precision and collision risk under traffic uncertainty in merging areas of interchanges. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess potential collision risk in the merging area of interchanges considering uncertainty of traffic flow. A random traffic simulation is established by Monte Carlo method to simulate the high-field traffic flow in the merging area of interchanges. Then the safe braking deceleration (SBD) as a safety measure index is proposed to identify the vehicle’s collision risk in merging. Several risk variables including relative distance, relative speed and merging angular velocity (MAV) between vehicles on the ramp and main line are extracted from the simulation scenario. The results show that the relative speed and distance between the vehicle on the ramp and the one in front on the mainline have little impact on SBD, while MAV significantly indicates collision risk in the merging area of the interchange. Additionally, SBD increases as MAV rises. This study introduces a new traffic simulation platform that accounts for parameter uncertainty to simulate high-fidelity traffic situations, enabling the design of more reliable ramp merging control strategies. Moreover, MAV, which effectively represents SBD, can significantly identify collision risks in the merging area of interchanges.

Microsatellite development for Theridion evexum (Araneae: Theridiidae) using low-coverage genome sequencing and the MiMi script

Habitat fragmentation and unplanned urban expansion increasingly threatens biodiversity, yet the genetic impacts on arthropods, and particularly spiders, remains understudied due to the lack of suitable molecular makers. Here, we used low-coverage genome sequencing and a bioinformatics pipeline to develop polymorphic microsatellite markers for Theridion evexum, a tropical spider with urban and natural populations. To increase the yield of DNA extracted from small spiders like T. evexum, we also optimized a Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction protocol. We sequenced eight individuals at 4X using paired-end sequencing on an Illumina Novaseq 6000. Reads were cleaned and processed using the Multi-individual Microsatellite Identification (MiMi) python pipeline. MiMi produced a total of 3999 putative microsatellites. After filtering for polymorphic loci with an allelic richness greater than three and present in at least 5 of the 8 sequenced individuals, 34 final markers were identified. An experimental validation of 13 of these 34 markers showed that 10 loci were polymorphic with at least three detectable alleles, one locus was monomorphic, and two loci did not produce PCR products. These markers will allow a better assessment of the effects of urban fragmentation and isolation across populations of this spider species. Furthermore, developing markers using low-coverage next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatic protocols provide a valuable approach for uncovering microsatellite markers at a reduced cost for other tropical species, thereby broadening the scope of molecular ecology research in the tropics.

Climate research in the Global South

Treatment experience of people living with HIV who transitioned from oral to long-acting injectable antiretrovirals in Puerto Rico: A qualitative study

This study explores the treatment experience of people living with HIV who transitioned from oral ART to long-acting injectable therapy Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine (LAI-CAB/RPV) in Puerto Rico. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to explore the lived experiences of people with HIV 21 years old or older who transitioned from oral ART to LAI-CAB/RPV. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit study participants. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted at the clinic, audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Participants’ mean age was 67 years (±9), most were men (70%), and most identified themselves as heterosexual (60%). On average, they have taken oral ART for 23.2 years ± 8.7. The transition to LAI-CAB/RPV marked a profound positive change; for them, injectable ART means “freedom,” improving their quality of life, providing relief, and a sense of “normalcy.” Adherence remained robust, marked by consistent appointment attendance. They overwhelmingly encouraged others to embrace the transition, highlighting its transformative impact on their lives. Study participants’ positive experiences underscore the potential of LAI-CAB/RPV to revolutionize the standard of care, enhancing both the treatment experience and the overall well-being of people living with HIV. Continued research is crucial to refine and expand the benefits of this treatment approach.

Operando interlayer expansion of multiscale curved graphene for volumetrically-efficient supercapacitors

HLA-G 14 bp polymorphism: Implications and its associated risk to malaria severity among iron-fortified Ghanaian infants and young children

Background of the study Malaria is a paramount health concern mostly among infants and young children. The World Health Organization recommends iron fortification for children with iron deficiency anaemia living in malaria-endemic regions like Ghana. However, the intricate interplay between genetic polymorphisms and nutritional interventions in malaria susceptibility and severity remains unclear. The Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) locus within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes has surfaced as a critical player in regulating immune responses and influencing disease outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of HLA-G 14 bp polymorphism and its associated risk of malaria severity among Ghanaian infants and young children on iron fortification. Methodology This secondary double-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial involved 432 archival samples from the Tain District and Wenchi Municipal in the Bono Region. Participants aged between 6 and 36 months and consuming semi-solid foods were recruited in the study while children with malaria infection or other known medical conditions were excluded. Capillary blood samples were taken for anaemia determination using a haematology autoanalyzer, malaria infection status, and parasitaemia were assessed via microscopy, and HLA-G 14 bp polymorphism using PCR. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data obtained. Results The research findings indicate that among the iron-fortified children with HLA-G, 14 bp + /- and 14 bp-/- variants are likely to develop severe malaria. Also, the HLA-G 14 bp + /- variant was linked to a higher risk of anaemia development among participants who received iron supplements. Conclusion The study results indicated that iron-fortified individuals carrying the HLA-G 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism have an elevated risk of developing severe malaria, which in turn predisposes them to anaemia.