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Integrating ecological and community science data to understand patterns of colour polymorphism and social behaviour at the northern range limit of a plethodontid salamander

Traditionally, scientists have relied on ecological surveys to gain information about wildlife; however, community-science data has recently emerged as a valuable resource in organismal research. In this study, we conducted ecological surveys in 23 forests in New Brunswick, Canada and extracted data from iNaturalist across the entire province to understand patterns of Eastern Red-backed Salamanders' colouration and sociality at the northern limit of its range. Ecological data revealed that adult salamanders were more likely to aggregate during the early spring and autumn, reflecting trends observed in other areas of their range. We also compared aggregation behaviour and colouration data between data collection methodologies and found that community-scientists are less likely to report aggregated salamanders and are more likely to report unique colour morphs than ecological surveys. Notably, iNaturalist observations included an amelanistic morph which had yet to be formally documented in New Brunswick. Lastly, we used our ecological survey data to explore if preferences for micro-environmental factors differ between colour polymorphism and aggregated vs. solitary salamanders. There was no evidence for environmental preferences in New Brunswick, which differs from tendencies observed in other populations of this species. Our findings highlight the trade-offs between ecological and community-science approaches and contribute valuable insights into the natural history of P. cinereus at the northern edge of its Canadian range.

The glass-ceiling convective regime and the origin and diversity of coronae on Venus

Venus and Earth are rocky planets of roughly the same size and bulk density, yet their surface volcanic and tectonic features appear substantially different. On Venus, the coexistence of large volcanic highlands—interpreted as the surface expression of long-lived mantle plumes—alongside coronae, smaller features thought to be caused by transient thermal diapirs, remains enigmatic. Using two-dimensional numerical models of mantle convection with sharp and broad mineral phase transitions for pyrolite, we show that both scales of upwellings can be generated in a stagnant lid planet with an interior temperature 250 to 400 K warmer than Earth’s. The smaller plumes originate from a ~600 km deep internal layer that exists as a consequence of the different sequence of mineral phase transitions that occur in warmer mantles less processed and differentiated by partial melting and volcanism. Future models that include melting will provide further tests of our hypothesis.

Correction: The effect of public reporting of acute myocardial infarction on the choice of hospital

SUMO conjugation to promoter-proximal sequence elements–associated proteins impacts on snRNA transcription

The noncoding small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) associate with a large set of proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). While the function of snRNAs is well characterized, the regulation of their transcription remains poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated that SUMO conjugation regulates snRNA3′ end processing. To further study the connection between SUMOylation and snRNA biogenesis, we generated a CRISPR/dCas9 tool comprising a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to the catalytic domain of the SUMO protease SENP1 (dCas9-SENP1). Here, we show that snRNA transcription decreases when dCas9-SENP1 is delivered to their promoter-proximal sequence elements (PSE), indicating that SUMO conjugation to proteins associated with snRNA promoters is necessary for proper transcriptional activity. Focusing on SNAPC1, a subunit of the snRNA-specific transcription complex SNAPc, we identified lysine residues 245 and 333 as SUMO acceptor sites and generated a SUMOylation-deficient mutant of this protein (SNAPC1 2KR). To explore the relevance of SNAPC1 SUMOylation on snRNA transcription, we generated a cell line carrying an inducible degron system for depletion of the endogenous SNAPC1 protein. This system led us to demonstrate that SNAPC1 2KR is unable to sustain basal levels of snRNA transcription. By tagging endogenous SNAPC3 and SNAPC4, two other subunits of SNAPc, we show that while SNAPC1 SUMOylation-deficient mutant is able to interact with SNAPC3, its interaction with SNAPC4 is affected, despite the fact it is still recruited to the PSE. Altogether, these results indicate that SNAPC1 SUMOylation is required for proper snRNA transcription and SNAPc complex assembly.

The effects of Arabian jasmine on zebrafish behavior depends on strain, sex, and personality

Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton, commonly known as Arabian jasmine, is widely used in Thai traditional medicine for mental health ailments. While most studies in humans and animals find that Arabian jasmine reduces stress and anxiety, there are a handful of reports that it can oppose relaxation by increasing autonomic arousal. Using adult zebrafish, we sought to determine whether factors like strain, sex, and personality might contribute to the variable effects of J. sambac on anxiety-related behavior. We extracted the flowers of J. sambac by ultrasonic-assisted extraction with optimal air pressure. Headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) identified the main components in the Arabian jasmine flower extract, including linalool (an anxiolytic compound) and benzaldehyde (a potentially anxiogenic compound). We fed three strains of zebrafish (AB, TL, and WIK) a gelatin pellet containing different concentrations of J. sambac (5−20 mg kg-1) and assessed 3-dimensional swim behavior in the novel tank and mirror biting tests. We found that in female AB fish, J. sambac resulted in a decrease in both bottom distance and percent explored during the novel tank test, consistent with an anxiogenic effect; there was no effect in WIK or TL fish. We also found that behavior/personality type influenced the effects of J. sambac where shy AB females increased their percent explored and low activity males increased their bottom distance, consistent with anxiolytic effects. Thus, we find that sex, genetics, and personality interact to influence the anxiety-related effects of Arabian jasmine. This suggests that these factors may contribute to the opposing effects of jasmine previously reported in the literature.

How palytoxin transforms the Na ⁺ ,K ⁺ pump into a cation channel

Palytoxin (PTX), a potent marine toxin, has long been known to transform Na + ,K + -ATPase (NKA), an indispensable ion pump, into a nonselective cation channel. It has been postulated that PTX takes control of the two gates on either side of a channel-like pore. These gates normally open and close alternately, synchronized with chemical events, never opening simultaneously. A critical question is whether palytoxin takes over the control of the two gates or creates a new pathway. Here, we present structures of NKA with bound palytoxin in three different states. PTX binds to NKA in E2P, occupying the physiological Na + exit pathway, similar to istaroxime, a new-generation cardiotonic steroid. Adding Na + and ATP/ADP to the NKA·PTX complex induces an open channel traversing the entire membrane alongside the physiological ion pathway. As AlF x , a stable transition state analog of phosphate replaces phosphate in the NKA·PTX complex preformed in E2P, the complex appears to undergo the normal reaction cycle from E2P to E1· n Na + . PTX occupies the space between the transmembrane helices M4 and M6, thereby preventing the closure of the extracellular half of the ion pathway. These structures demonstrate that the architecture of NKA is fundamentally different from “a pore with two gates.” Each half of the ion pathway comprises three segments, including a movable component that plays a pivotal role in translocating the bound cations by connecting the constant part to an appropriate inlet. The ion pathway of NKA transforms dynamically, ensuring that the two halves never exist simultaneously.

Clinical parameters associated with mortality in elderly patients with COVID-19

Background Elderly patients with COVID-19 face a heightened risk of severe outcomes and mortality, emphasizing the need for reliable early risk stratification in emergency departments (EDs). Clinical parameters such as respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and peripheral perfusion index (PPI) have shown promise as simple and effective markers associated with mortality. Methods This retrospective, single-center study included 144 COVID-19-positive patients aged 65 years and older admitted to a university hospital in Mugla, Turkey, from February 15, 2021, to April 15, 2023. Vital signs, shock indices, and PPI were collected from medical records. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the associations of these parameters with in-hospital mortality. Results Among 144 patients, 37 (26%) died during hospitalization. PPI ≤ 2.20 was the most sensitive parameter (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.684, sensitivity = 75.7%, negative predictive value [NPV] = 87.7%), allowing the early identification of patients at lower mortality risk. Oxygen saturation ≤ 86% demonstrated the highest specificity (79.4%) and positive predictive value [PPV] (46.3%), effectively identifying patients at high risk. Respiratory rate ≥ 25 breaths/min (AUC = 0.652) also showed significant association with mortality. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that low PPI levels were independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality (Odds ratio [OR] = 4.067; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.668–9.913; p = 0.002). Conclusions This study highlights the powerful association of readily available clinical parameters with mortality among elderly COVID-19 patients. PPI, in combination with respiratory rate and oxygen saturation, offers a cost-effective and efficient approach to enhance ED triage protocols. Incorporating these parameters into routine assessment could improve early identification of high-risk patients, optimize resource allocation, and save lives. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and advance risk stratification frameworks for acute care settings. Our findings should be considered as associations with mortality rather than strong predictive evidence.

Heterogeneity in the coordination of delta cells with beta cells is driven by both paracrine signals and low-density Cx36 gap junctions

Insulin potently decreases blood glucose; thus, tight control is required to prevent excessive insulin release and hypoglycemia. Central to this inhibition is somatostatin released from delta cells that are clustered with beta cells in pancreatic islets. This communication is of interest because the loss of functional beta cells in diabetes leads to uncontrolled delta cell activity that disrupts islet paracrine crosstalk. While it is established that insulin and somatostatin secretion are coordinated, the specific mechanism is unsettled. We have previously demonstrated that beta cells release the hormone Urocortin 3 to stimulate delta cells at high glucose, demonstrating a paracrine negative feedback loop. Others have proposed direct coordination via gap junctions. To resolve this conundrum, we used the genetically encoded fluorescent Ca 2+ reporter GCaMP6s to simultaneously record the activity of hundreds of beta and delta cells in low (2.8 mM) (LG) and high (16.8 mM) glucose (HG). Surprisingly, while many delta cells exhibit Ca 2+ oscillations in HG that are coordinated with beta cells, the activation of these delta cells precedes beta cells and is more variable than beta cell responses. The selective delta cell knockout of connexin 36 confirmed the involvement of gap junctions. However, blockade of vesicle release with the Rho-GTPase inhibitor ML-141 completely removed coupling between beta and most delta cells in HG. Our data reveal considerable functional heterogeneity among delta cells, where most delta cells are entrained by oscillatory Ca 2+ behaviors of beta cells that are mediated by a combination of paracrine signaling and low-density gap junction coupling.

Correction: The relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and self-efficacy among adolescent students: A cross-sectional study

PI31 expression is neuroprotective in a mouse model of early-onset parkinsonism

Neurodegenerative diseases present one of the most significant global health challenges. These disorders are defined by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates that impair synaptic function and cause progressive neuronal degeneration. Therefore, stimulating protein clearance mechanisms may be neuro-protective. Variants in FBXO7/PARK15 cause Parkinsonian Pyramidal Syndrome, an early-onset parkinsonian neurodegenerative disorder in humans, and inactivation of this gene in mice recapitulates many phenotypes seen in patients. The proteasome regulator PI31 is a direct binding partner of Fbxo7 and promotes local protein degradation at synapses by mediating fast proteasome transport in neurites. PI31 protein levels are reduced when the function of Fbxo7 is impaired. Here we show that restoring PI31 levels in Fbxo7 mutant fly and mouse strains prevents neuronal degeneration and significantly improves neuronal function, health, and lifespan. Notably, Fbxo7 inactivation in mouse neurons causes hyperphosphorylation of tau, and this was suppressed by transgenic expression of PI31. Our results demonstrate that PI31 is a crucial biological target through which Fbxo7 deficiency drives pathology. Therefore, targeting the PI31-pathway may represent a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative disorders.

Associations among weed communities, management practices, and environmental factors in U.S. snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production

Weed species that escape control (hereafter called residual weeds) coupled with changing weather patterns are emerging challenges for snap bean processors and growers. Field surveys were conducted to identify associations among crop/weed management practices and environmental factors on snap bean yield and residual weed density. From 2019–2023, a total of 358 snap bean production fields throughout the major U.S. production regions (Northwest, Midwest and Northeast) were surveyed for residual weeds. Field-level information on crop/weed management, soils, and weather also were obtained. To determine associations among management and environmental variables on crop yield and residual weed density, the machine learning algorithm random forest was utilized. The models had 24 and 22 predictor variables for crop yield and residual weed density, respectively, and both were trained on 80% of the data with the remainder used as a test set to determine model accuracy. Both models had pseudo-R2 values of over 0.50 and accuracy over 80%. The models showed that crop yield was higher in the Northwest compared to the Midwest region, while higher average temperatures during early season growth and planting midseason (June-July) predicted greater crop yield compared to other time periods. The use of row cultivation was associated with lower snap bean yield and weed density, suggesting row cultivation had less-than-ideal selectivity between the crop and weed. Moreover, multiple spring tillage operations prior to planting were linked with an increase in weed density, implying that excessive tillage may favor the emergence of residual weeds in snap bean. Over the coming decades, climate change-driven weather variability is likely to influence snap bean production, both directly through crop growth and indirectly through weeds that escape control practices that also are influenced by the weather.

Structurally diverse viral inhibitors converge on a shared mechanism to stall the antigen transporter TAP

In the host–pathogen arms race, herpesviruses and poxviruses encode proteins that sabotage the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), thereby suppressing MHC-I antigen presentation and enabling lifelong infection. Of the five known viral TAP inhibitors, only the herpes simplex virus (HSV) protein ICP47 has been structurally resolved. We now report cryoelectron microscopy structures of TAP in complex with the remaining four: BNLF2a (Epstein–Barr virus), hUS6 (human cytomegalovirus), bUL49.5 (bovine herpesvirus 1), and CPXV012 (cowpox virus), assembling a structural atlas of viral TAP evasion. Despite employing divergent sequences, folds, and conformational targets, these viral inhibitors converge on a common strategy: they stall TAP from the alternating access cycle, precluding peptide entry into the ER and shielding infected cells from cytotoxic T cell surveillance. These findings reveal striking functional convergence and provide a structural framework for rational antiviral design.

Effectiveness of the mushroom technique versus morcellation in en bloc bipolar prostate enucleation for prostates over 80 mL

Background and objectives Anatomical endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (AEEP) has revolutionized the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, offering advantages over transurethral prostate resection (TURP). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the mushroom technique versus morcellation in en bloc transurethral bipolar prostate enucleation (TUEB) for prostates > 80 mL, hypothesizing that morcellation would reduce operative time. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed 234 TUEB procedures performed between January 2018 and March 2024 at a tertiary university hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: the mushroom technique group (n = 116) and the morcellation group (n = 118). Demographic and clinical data were collected and outcomes, such as operative time, efficacy, and complications, were analyzed. Results The median operative time was significantly longer in the mushroom cohort (80 [60–90] min) than in the morcellation cohort (60 [50–70] min) (p < 0.001). Efficacy, which was measured in g/min, was higher in the morcellation group (1.25 [1.01–1.44] g/min) than in the mushroom group (0.9 [0.76–1.03] g/min) (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that the prostate volume significantly influenced the operative time of the mushroom technique more than that of the morcellation technique. Complications were similar across the groups, with no need for blood transfusion or conversion to TURP. Conclusions Morcellation is an efficient method for tissue removal during bipolar prostate enucleation particularly for larger prostates, owing to its shorter operative time and consistent efficacy. Although the mushroom technique is a viable alternative, it is less efficient for larger glands. Nevertheless, both techniques demonstrated similar safety profiles and functional outcomes. Further multicenter trials are required to confirm these findings.

Φ value analysis underscores strong functional and structural compactness of the GABA _A receptor

γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA A R) is a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel that plays a crucial role in inhibition in the adult brain. Structural and electrophysiological studies have provided numerous insights into the receptor’s functioning but the complete molecular mechanism of GABA A R action remains elusive. Herein, we used high-resolution single-channel recording to analyze point-mutated α 1 β 2 γ 2 receptors and applied so called Φ value (REFER, rate-equilibrium free energy relationship) analysis which allows to infer the order of domains engagement during activation, offering a complementary “dynamic” insight into the receptor’s function. As anticipated, point mutations at the orthosteric binding sites reduced GABA binding affinity, with the magnitude of this effect diminishing progressively with increasing distance from the binding site. On the contrary, mutations located all over the macromolecule’s structure, e.g., in “peripheral top position,” extracellular/transmembrane interface, and channel pore, affected the receptor with a clear tendency to influence entire gating including opening/closing, preactivation, and desensitization with no clear correlation with the distance to the channel gate. Interestingly, the calculated Φ values for the GABA A R showed a relatively narrow range (0.42 to 0.81), suggesting that the conformational transitions are highly synchronized and coordinated by a global network of interactions. This prediction is also in agreement with observation that, typically, single GABA A R residue mutation alters the kinetics of not just one but many (often all) conformational transitions. We thus propose a dictum reflecting modus operandi of the GABA A R: Binding is local and gating is global. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that GABA A R shows particularly strong functional compactness manifested as global gating mechanisms and high allostery.

Youthful systemic milieu in younger recipients alleviates acute kidney injury via attenuating apoptosis and oxidative stress in a rat kidney transplantation model

Purpose To evaluate whether acute kidney injury (AKI) differs between young and adult recipients and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods In an allogenic heterotopic rat kidney transplantation model, we evaluated the renal function, histological damage, oxidative stress injury, apoptosis, immune cell infiltration, and signaling pathways involved in young and adult recipients based on transcriptomics, proteomics, machine learning analyses, and experimental validation. We also identified and validated the possible hub immune-related genes and serum cytokines with the intersection of the maximal clique centrality method, betweenness centrality, and random forest algorithms. Results Younger recipients had lower levels of renal histological damage injury score, oxidative stress injury, and apoptosis. The cytokine profile was different in young and adult recipients. Cytokines and cytokine-mediated pathways involved in oxidative stress, apoptosis, proliferation, and immune cell infiltration were closely correlated with differentially expressed genes. In addition, cytokines mediated immune response participating in antioxidative, anti-apoptosis, and regeneration processes. Conclusions Younger systemic internal milieu in young recipients alleviated AKI after kidney transplantation by ameliorating oxidative stress and apoptosis via immune response regulation. Cytokines may play a protective role in AKI after kidney transplantation. The use of cytokines in transplantation deserves further experimental evaluation and clinical considerations.

Functional unfolding of the integrin αX transmembrane helix

In biological membranes, proteins face a fundamentally different environment than in water. To avoid untenable lipid contacts with polar backbone atoms, they use the continuous hydrogen bonding achieved by α-helices or β-barrels to traverse membranes. Here, we show that integrin αX, and by homology αM, undermine this paradigm by partially unfolding the N-terminal third of their transmembrane (TM) helix. Unfolding results in a dynamic, frayed helix that weakens the association with its partnering β2 subunit to lower the activation threshold of integrin αXβ2-mediated cell adhesion. The extent of unfolding depends on membrane geometry, thereby establishing a mechanism for sensing membrane properties. The combination of adhesive control with sensory capacity in integrin αXβ2 and αMβ2 may achieve membrane localization-dependent receptor activation in leukocyte phagocytosis. The unfolding of the αX TM helix arises from a high number of α-helix-destabilizing residues that TM helices in general approach but do not exceed. Accordingly, backbone dynamics of TM helices may disrupt hydrogen bonds, modulate protein function, and optimize TM helix rigidity.

Plant based Nano defenders successfully fight microbial contaminants without damaging the morphology and genetics of rose and night queen

In this study, the callus of Carica papaya was treated with silver nitrate solution to form silver nanoparticles which were later used as anti-contaminant substances in micropropagation media on C. nocturnum (cestrum, night queen) and Rosa indica (rose) in tissue culture medium. For this purpose, the rose and cestrum explants were cultured using murashige and skoog (MS) media containing 2 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP). After micropropagation of the shoots, different concentrations of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) i.e., 2, 3, and 5 ppm were added into the MS media, for dose optimization. The morphology of tissue-cultured plants in control and experimental has been studied and compared through fluorescent microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The cells, tissues, and vascular bundles of C. nocturnum and rose tissue culture plants were studied in both control and treated plants. AgNPs added at a concentration of 5 ppm to the tissue culture medium of both test plants were safe and effective in controlling the contamination and the bacterial and fungal attack in the tissue culture medium was reduced; it gave the highest percentage of survived plants in both the rose and the cestrum plant. No significant difference was observed in the chlorophyll content of the plants maintained on treatment medium having AgNPs concentration of 5 ppm and the control plants maintained on medium without nanoparticles. The molecular assessment of the stress impact of AgNPs treatment was analyzed through expression of the SAND and PP2A housekeeping genes in treated plants and control plants by comparing their mRNA profile on real-time PCR, and the results showed equal expression of SAND and PP2A in both the control and treated plants. This study proves that low amounts of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles when supplied in tissue culture media can act as an anti-contaminant in rose and cestrum in vitro cultures without affecting its morphology, physiology, and genetics.

A universal wind–wave–bubble formulation for air–sea gas exchange and its impact on oxygen fluxes

Bubble-mediated gas exchange associated with wave breaking is a critical pathway for ocean–atmosphere exchange of low solubility gases such as oxygen. Yet, ocean and climate models, as well as observation-based products, usually rely on wind-only air–sea flux formulations derived from carbon constraints that ignore the asymmetric nature of the bubble flux, contributing to discrepancies between estimates of oxygen inventories and their response to climate change. Without bubbles, gas exchange is controlled by a symmetric wind-driven exchange, with the ocean–atmosphere gas partial pressure difference controlling whether outgassing or uptake occurs. Bubbles entrained by wave breaking can enhance this symmetric turbulent exchange, and contribute an additional asymmetric flux, always leading to an uptake, as they get squeezed by hydrostatic pressure (large bubbles) or collapse and fully dissolve (small bubbles). We present an observation-constrained theoretical framework of the air–sea flux accounting for air entrainment due to wave breaking and symmetric and asymmetric bubble exchange. The combined evidence from theory, laboratory, and field measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes, oxygen concentration, and noble gas supersaturation yields a universal formulation of gas exchange which we implement into a global ocean biogeochemical model. We discuss the resulting oxygen fluxes and demonstrate that our wind–wave–bubble formulation better reproduces observed in situ oxygen concentrations in water mass formation regions, where air–sea exchange is high, than a commonly used wind-only formulation. We show that the asymmetric bubble flux is essential for evaluating air–sea oxygen fluxes and estimating the magnitude of the ocean oxygen loss associated with global warming.

A novel cloud removal method by fusing features from SAR and neighboring optical remote sensing images

Optical remote sensing images were prone to extensive cloud coverage, especially under mountainous conditions with frequent weather changes. To address this issue, this paper proposed a novel cloud removal method that integrated features from SAR and neighboring optical remote sensing images. The method was based on a deep CGAN network, leveraging both local and global features of SAR images as well as edge features of optical remote sensing images to perform coarse cloud removal. Building upon the coarse cloud removal, the spectral features of neighboring optical remote sensing images were utilized for refined cloud removal. The experimental results showed that the proposed coarse-to-fine cloud removal method achieved a satisfactory cloud removal performance for optical remote sensing images. The RMSE, SAM, mSSI, and CC values were 0.0391, 0.0729, 0.9221, and 0.9537, respectively. Compared with other classical methods, each of these four metrics improved by at least 0.0119, 0.0438, 0.0217, and 0.0240, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method demonstrated superior performance in terms of boundary smoothness, cloud shadow elimination, spectral consistency, and spatial detail restoration for cloud removal in images with different underlying surface conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed method will improve the quality of cloud removal in optical remote sensing images.

Designing for cooperative grain boundary segregation in multicomponent alloys

Tailoring the nanoscale distribution of chemical species at grain boundaries is a powerful method to dramatically influence the properties of polycrystalline materials. However, classical approaches to the problem have tacitly assumed that only competition is possible between solute species. In this paper, we show that solute elements can cooperate in the way they segregate to grain boundaries: In properly targeted alloys, the different chemical species cooperate to each fill complementary grain boundary sites disfavored by the other. By developing a theoretical “spectral” approach to this problem based on quantum-accurate grain boundary site distributions, we show how grain boundaries can be cooperatively alloyed, whether by depletion or enrichment. We provide machine-learned cosegregation information for over 700 ternary aluminum-based alloys and experimentally validate the concept in one ternary alloy where cosegregation is not expected by prior models but is expected based on the cooperative model.