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Epistemically unwarranted beliefs scale, development and evidence of validity in the Chilean population
The study of epistemically unwarranted beliefs (EUB) (i.e., paranormal, pseudoscientific and conspiracy beliefs) has become relevant due to the negative effects they have produced on people’s health, as evidenced in the covid-19 pandemic. However, there is no instrument with appropriate and updated validity evidence for its evaluation in Latin American people. Because of this, the present study aims to develop a brief scale to analyze general epistemically unwarranted beliefs that do not depend on local factors. A total of 634 adults from five Chilean cities participated in the study of whom 93.8% (n = 575) were university students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the final structure of the Epistemically Unwarranted Beliefs Scale (EUBS) considers 9 items with three related factors. In addition, results showed good internal consistency (CFI > .95; TLI > .95; RMSEA < .07), gender invariance, and evidence of validity based on the inverse relation with the cognitive reflection test and the relationship with sociodemographic variables (i.e., gender, political orientation, and religious orientation). Finally, implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale are discussed.
Volumetric MRI of dorsal root ganglia as a biomarker for disease progression and response to AAV treatment in a mouse model of Fabry disease
Noninvasive and objective biomarkers for disease-associated pathology are critical for clinical trials. For Fabry disease, one important pathological change due to the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-GAL) caused is accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which manifests as the overall DRG hypertrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been successfully used to noninvasively measure DRG enlargement in Fabry patients, and DRG volumetric MRI can be a potential noninvasive biomarker for Gb3 accumulations in DRG neurons in clinical trials. To evaluate disease progression and treatment response in preclinical proof-of-concept studies, we developed an in vivo MRI method to measure DRG size in the G3Stg/GLA knockout mouse model of Fabry disease. Compared to the wild type mice, the DRG enlargement in the Fabry mice was observed as early as 8 weeks of age, and a single administration of the human α-GAL-encoding adeno-associated virus (AAV GLA ) normalized the enlarged DRG to the age-matched wild type mice. The DRG normalization was observed within 4 weeks of gene therapy (12 weeks of age) and was sustained up to 24 weeks of age. Furthermore, behavioral testing and histological/immunohistochemistry analyses of the DRG tissues corroborated the MRI findings. Volumetric DRG MRI has the sensitivity to measure Gb3 pathology-induced DRG volume changes and treatment response in live mice and can be a translational imaging biomarker in clinical trials for Fabry disease.
RETRACTED: Unlocking employee creativity: How learning orientation and transformational leadership spark innovation through creative self-efficacy
This study explores the mechanisms through which individual learning orientation (ILO) and transformational leadership (TL) foster employee creativity, with a particular focus on the mediating role of creative self-efficacy (CSE) within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China’s manufacturing sector. Drawing on a sample of 406 employees, the study employs hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to analyze the multi-level influences on creativity. The findings indicate that ILO significantly enhances employee creativity, underscoring the importance of continuous personal development and proactive learning in innovation processes. All four dimensions of TL—idealized influence (II), inspirational motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation (IS), and individualized consideration (IC) — are positively associated with employee creativity. CSE is found to mediate the relationship between ILO and creativity, as well as between II, IS, IC, and creativity, although it does not mediate the effect of IM. These results highlight the pivotal role of CSE as a cognitive mechanism through which leadership and learning orientations translate into creative outcomes. The study contributes to the literature on workplace creativity by integrating individual and leadership factors, with psychological resources. Practical implications for SME managers include the cultivation of supportive leadership practices and the promotion of learning-oriented cultures to enhance creative performance. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions.
Editorial Note: Energy use and the role of per capita income on carbon emissions in African countries
A general factor for trust?: Testing latent factor structures of trust across institutional and interpersonal contexts
Background The literature is replete with multi-dimensional self-report assessments of trust. It is not clear whether these dimensions are statistically distinguishable across institutional and interpersonal contexts, respectively. Aim/s We sought to provide empirical insights that might permit researchers to refine the conceptualisation and dimensionality of trust, as well as provide suggestions for institutions or individuals hoping to cultivate trust. Specifically, we aimed to test whether evidence for a general trust factor would emerge in relation to trust in institutions and other people. Methods 588 adults completed an online survey assessing dimensions of trust measured in institutional and interpersonal contexts. Results Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) revealed that a ‘many-factor’ correlated model provided the best fit statistics in both interpersonal and institutional contexts. Higher-order and bi-factor models also produced excellent fit. Exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) revealed a high-degree of item cross-loadings, suggesting that the tested trust dimensions were not as distinct as predicted. The bi-factor ESEM model found that all items had significant loadings on a general factor, supporting the notion of a general trust factor. This effect appeared more persuasive in interpersonal contexts, relative to institutional contexts. Implications Trust-related dimensions may not merely be distinct, correlated constructs. Statistical evidence produced in the current study aligns with the suggestion that people’s trust-related perceptions may, in part, be influenced by a general factor. We propose the theory of epistemic trust as a candidate for interpreting the general trust factor.
Mating status drives fitness trade-offs in exercised female Drosophila
Regular physical exercise has been shown to improve physical and psychological well-being through a variety of mechanisms; however, the degree to which different individuals respond to exercise varies depending on sex and genetic factors. Drosophila has been used as a model organism to further understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie exercise adaptation. Essential for flies’ ability to adapt to exercise, octopamine is a hormone and neurotransmitter found in invertebrates that is analogous to norepinephrine. Interestingly, octopamine is also crucial for female post-mating responses, and no studies to date have explored the interaction between exercise response and reproductive state in females. Here, we investigated the sexual dimorphism in exercise response by exercising male and female flies of multiple Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel (DGRP) lines and measuring fitness traits such as climbing ability and starvation resistance. Further, we were interested in how mating status might affect females’ ability to adapt to exercise, and whether the stress of exercise would affect fertility. Our findings show that while male flies are naturally faster climbers than female flies, females tend to be better suited to resist starvation. Additionally, we found that mating status has a significant impact on female flies’ climbing performance and lifespan, and exercise can have negative effects on lifespan and fertility. Surprisingly, we found that exercise has little effect on stored triglycerides, protein levels, or gene expression. DGRP genetic line was also a significant factor that influenced most phenotypes we measured, underscoring the importance of studying multiple genotypes in conjunction with other experimental variables. Results from our study suggest that female flies may experience evolutionary trade-offs between physical activity, survival, and fertility, and whether the female has mated or not dictates how they respond to physiological stressors such as exercise.
Obstacles and facilitators of parents’ coping with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of a child with cancer
Background Pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a complex process that impacts the entire family. The traumatic nature of the pediatric HSCT period makes this a particularly vulnerable time for parents, leading to coping challenges. This study aimed to explore parents’ experiences regarding the obstacles and facilitators of coping with their child’s HSCT. Methods This qualitative study used a conventional content analysis method. The study took place at largest Children’s Medical Center in Iran from February to November 2023. The study utilized purposive sampling for selecting participants. Data collection began with unstructured interviews, followed by in-depth semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Sampling continued until data saturation was achieved after examining qualitative data from 20 participants. Results The qualitative analysis identified eight subcategories grouped into two main categories: “variable support” and “beliefs and individual situation”. Support varied widely, with significant roles played by family, friends, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and desirable beliefs and individual situation. However, inadequate family support, financial stress, and conflicts with healthcare teams were notable barriers. Conclusions The findings underscore the need for comprehensive support systems and targeted interventions to address the emotional and practical challenges families face during their child’s HSCT vulnerable period. Future efforts should focus on enhancing support structures and addressing barriers to improve the overall coping experience for parents.
The relationship between school physical activity policy environment and physical literacy among primary school students: Evidence from Henan Province, China
Background Chinese primary school students spend the majority of their day at school, making the school physical activity policy environment (SPAPE) crucial to their development of physical literacy (PL). However, research exploring the relationship between SPAPE and PL remains limited. This study aims to investigate the association between SPAPE and students’ PL levels. Methods A total of 408 primary school students (206 boys and 202 girls) were included in the data analysis. The School Physical Activity Environment Questionnaire (SPAEQ) and the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy-Edition 2 (CAPL-2) were used to assess the policy environment and PL levels, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the relationship between the policy environment and PL. Additionally, ANOVA and MANOVA analyses were conducted to examine the effects of age, gender, and their interaction on the relationship. Results A significant positive correlation was found between SPAPE and PL, with boys (r = 0.59, p < 0.01) and girls (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) both showing moderate to strong associations. MANOVA results revealed significant gender differences for Daily Behavior (DB) (F (1, 406) = 14.24, p < 0.01, partial η² = .04) and Motivation and Confidence (MC) (F (1, 406) = 4.72, p < 0.05, partial η² = .01). Significant age differences were observed for MC (F (4, 403) = 5.68, p < 0.01, partial η² = .05) and Knowledge and Understanding (KU) (F (4, 403) = 8.57, p < 0.01, partial η² = .08). No significant effects of age, gender, or interaction were found in relation to SPAPE. Conclusion This study is the first to explore the relationship between PL and SPAPE in Chinese primary school students. The results highlight the significant association between SPAPE and PL, with notable gender and age differences. These findings emphasize the importance of tailoring PA policies to account for demographic factors to effectively promote PL.
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) in saliva of pigs: evaluation of two commercially available ELISA kits for its measurement and distribution of its main components
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor protein heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), also named porcine major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP), is a positive acute phase protein (APP) in pigs and can be measured in plasma and also in saliva to assess the animal health. The objectives of this report were (1) to evaluate if different commercially available porcine ELISA kits can measure ITIH4 concentrations in saliva samples of pigs, and (2) to study the distribution of ITIH4 components in saliva and compare it to the distribution in plasma. The results showed that two of the ELISA kits used in this report could measure salivary ITIH4 with precision and accuracy, but only one showed significant differences between pigs with tail biting and control animals without this condition. Western blotting analysis revealed the presence of a different distribution of ITIH4 bands in saliva samples compared to plasma samples. In conclusion, in saliva of pigs ITIH4 can be quantified using a commercial ELISA kit increasing its concentration in cases of tail biting. In addition, ITIH4 shows bands at western blot in saliva that are different from serum but are compatible with different ITIH4 forms. These data confirm that ITIH4 can be detected in saliva and be potentially used as a biomarker of inflammation.
Evaluation of mandibular functional limitation in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders and the relationship with other psychosocial factors
Introduction Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are a common source of orofacial pain and dysfunction, often characterized by myalgia, restricted mouth opening, and limitations in mandibular movement. This study aims to evaluate the extent of mandibular functional limitation across different TMD subgroups and its relationship with anxiety and depression. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 120 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint disorders according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs (DC/TMD). Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-8 (JFLS-8), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), and Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC). The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare means between groups for non-normally distributed data. The relationship between JFLS-8 and other variables was assessed using linear regression. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results Chewing hard foods is the most affected activity in the arthralgia group (7.25 ± 1.91), while swallowing is the least affected activity (0.13 ± 0.35). Statistically significant differences were found among TMJ disorders for chewing tough food, chewing chicken, opening wide enough to drink from a cup, and yawning ( p < .05). Disc displacement without reduction, with a limited opening subgroup, exhibited the highest JFLS-8 scores for chewing and mouth-opening-related activities. JFLS-8 is correlated with the PHQ-9, GAD-7, GCPS ( p < .05). Conclusions Significant variations in mandibular functional limitation were observed across TMD subgroups. The severity of these limitations demonstrated a positive correlation with levels of depression, anxiety, and chronic pain.
Effects of therapeutic climbing in healthcare and rehabilitation: A systematic review protocol
Background Climbing is a fast-growing physical activity around the world. From recreational activity to sport, more and more people are practicing. Initially used in the treatment of psychiatric and psychological disorders, climbing’s scope of application has expanded to include orthopedic, pediatric and neurological rehabilitation. Nowadays, it is a therapeutic tool used by many physical and psychological rehabilitation professionals. The aim of this coming systematic review is to determine the therapeutic effects of climbing for promoting physical activity in healthcare and rehabilitation. We will identify the pathologies for which this tool is available, and relate the climbing protocols used to the effects obtained (tool performance and undesirable effects). Methods and analysis We will include studies in which the effects of climbing or bouldering, used as a therapeutic tool, have been studied. The literature search will be conducted until 20 July 2025 using the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EBSCO. Following PRISMA guidelines, three reviewers in two groups will carry out all tasks: screening, selection and data extraction. The two groups of reviewers will assess each study’s risk of bias using ROB-2 for randomized clinical trial (RCTs), ROBINS-I for non-randomized clinical trial (CT) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for use in Systematic Reviews for case of reports/series and non-controlled clinical trials. Disagreement will be resolved by discussion until the reviewers reach consensus. Strenghts and limitations of the study One of the strengths of this study is the description of the protocols used in the therapeutic climbing sessions, which has not been much reported until now. The analysis of the therapeutic effects on different dimensions is also a strength of this study. The main limitation of the study is that the results are likely to be biased according to the heterogeneity of the patients, protocols and measurement tools used in the selected studies.
The importance of crash reporting requirements and how they affect analyses of factors associated with wildlife-vehicle collisions
Several factors have been identified to increase wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs). These may be species specific, ecological, temporal, driver related or related to road characteristics. To recommend effective mitigation strategies, it is imperative to understand the underlying factors driving WVCs. Our objective was to use crash data to identify factors that may contribute to reported WVCs in North Dakota and determine if changes in crash reporting affected the results. In 2013, crash reporting requirements were changed to only include crashes with human injuries or fatalities, and in 2019 increased the property damage threshold from $1,000 to $4,000. Based on reported crashes from North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), we compared results of the full crash dataset (2005–2022), pre-2013, post-2013, and fatalities and injuries data (2005–2022). We extracted factors from crash reports and hypothesized that different reporting causes different conclusions. We analyzed species, crash time, season, driver age and sex, and road type, speed limit, and lighting conditions. Deer were involved in >95% of the 30,476 reported wildlife-vehicle accidents. Annually reported WVCs averaged 3,488 in pre-2013 data, 133 in post-2013 data, and 40 in the fatalities and injuries dataset. We found significant differences in total number of WVCs with respect to species group, season, time of day, and road features (i.e., road type, lighting conditions, speed limit). The driver’s age was only significant in the fatalities and injuries dataset. Given the reduction in sample size after 2013, we did not detect statistically significant results in the post-2013 data for the effects of season. However, there were statistically significant differences in all-years, pre-2013, and fatalities and injuries datasets with respect to season. This suggests the ability to detect important factors is influenced by reduced sample size from reporting requirement changes in 2013 that limited our ability to make interferences on factors that affect WVCs in North Dakota.
Revisiting inference for ARMA models: Improved fits and superior confidence intervals
Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models are widely used for analyzing time series data. However, standard likelihood-based inference methodology for ARMA models has avoidable limitations. We show that currently accepted standards for ARMA likelihood maximization frequently lead to sub-optimal parameter estimates. Existing algorithms have theoretical support, but can result in parameter estimates that correspond to a local optimum. While this possibility has been previously identified, it remains unknown to most users, and no routinely applicable algorithm has been developed to resolve the issue. We introduce a novel random initialization algorithm, designed to take advantage of the structure of the ARMA likelihood function, which overcomes these optimization problems. Additionally, we show that profile likelihoods provide superior confidence intervals to those based on the Fisher information matrix. The efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a data analysis example and a series of simulation studies. This work makes a significant contribution to statistical practice by identifying and resolving under-recognized shortcomings of existing procedures that frequently arise in scientific and industrial applications.
Digital health monitoring for adults with treatment-resistant depression: Observational feasibility study protocol
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects approximately 30% of adults living with major depressive disorder, resulting in many patients not achieving complete symptom remission and at risk for relapse. Digital health monitoring (DHM) using electronic data capture platforms and wearable devices is emerging as a promising therapeutic adjunct in depression. Research indicates that continuous monitoring of physical and mental health symptoms with smart devices not only helps improve patient health awareness and healthy lifestyle behaviours, but also offers scientists and clinicians insights into patients’ health patterns over time. Critically, there is a paucity of studies informing the feasibility of DHM in TRD and the efficacy of clinically meaningful digital biomarkers informing depression treatment response, remission, and relapse. Before definitive trials evaluating DHM can be designed for patients with TRD, and evidence-based recommendations can be made to inform clinical practice, pilot data is needed. The primary aim is to determine the feasibility of implementing DHM platforms to collect active (clinical assessments) and passive (wearable biometrics) health data among adult outpatients with TRD. The secondary aim is to identify and evaluate digital biomarkers of depression treatment remission and response. This single-site, observational pilot study has received research ethics board approval and recruitment is going. A DHM suite will be offered to 200 outpatients with TRD enrolled for clinical neuropsychiatric treatment. Electronic clinical assessments of anxiety (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9 or MADRS) will be administered on treatment days in line with standard care, and wearable devices (smart rings) will be available for participants to wear throughout the course of treatment. Descriptive and inferential group- and individual-level analyses will inform study objectives and data-driven machine learning techniques will develop personalized digital phenotype profiles of the “depressed experience” in patients with TRD. Recruitment has started and will remain open until April 2027. This pilot trial will determine the feasibility of, and provide clinical parameter estimates for, future larger trials implementing DHM platforms in TRD. This area of study might emphasize the need for personalized treatment protocols in TRD that integrate digital tools to augment the standard of care, ultimately leading to the development and advancement of more targeted and effective interventions. Study registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT06732089. Registered December 9 th , 2024.
Expert organisations with “challenging” and “complex” service users: Representation in English and Welsh autism charity reports and accounts
The language and imagery used in Autism charities’ communications influences societal understanding of, and attitudes towards, Autistic people. This, in turn, shapes perceptions of whether and how the disabling barriers in society experienced by Autistic people can and should be addressed. Yet, to date, there has been minimal exploration of this discourse employed by Autism charities. We, an Autistic-majority team of researchers, used critical reflexive thematic analysis to examine the language and imagery used in the Trustees’ Annual Reports and Accounts of 11 large English and Welsh Autism charities. Representation within these reports emphasises adversities associated with Autism, and the language chosen to portray Autistic people largely describes Autism as an impairment. In contrast, charities represent themselves as the solution to the ‘problem’ of Autistic people, and thus deserving of increased resources and funding. Government is largely depicted as ineffective and deficient. We argue that these Autism charities are thereby upholding – rather than challenging – the disabling barriers in society experienced by Autistic people. For Autistic charities to better represent Autistic people and improve wider societal understanding of Autism, there is a need for more positive portrayals that challenge the ‘charity saviour’ trope in charity communications.
Survey of clot waveform analysis of normal activated partial thromboplastin time in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis at Le Van Thinh hospital
This study aimed to establish the correlation between activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in seconds and ratio, first derivative peak (Max1), second derivative peak (Max2), second derivative minimum peak (Min2), and delta-OD of clot waveform analysis in patients diagnosed with cirrhosis, sepsis, and a control group. The study involved a series of cases using the Bayesian ANOVA model with Bayes factor (BF) estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling method with 2 chains. Each chain consisted of 10 000 repetitions and started 5 000 times to predict the variables aPTT (s), aPTT (ratio), Max1, Max2, Min2, and delta-OD respectively across the 3 study groups. The model used was variable ~ stage – 1. This analysis illustrates the adjustment of the posterior proportion for multiple testing by setting the prior probability of the initial hypothesis to 0.5 for all comparisons. There is insufficient evidence that aPTT (s), aPTT (ratio), and Min2 differ between the study groups (0 < BF < 3). There is compelling evidence for the Max1 value in both the sepsis group and the control group (BF10 = 44.042). Additionally, between the sepsis group and the cirrhosis group, there is substantial evidence for the Max1 value (BF10 = 5.842). Moreover, there is convincing evidence for the Max2 value in the sepsis group compared to the control group (BF10 = 38.782). There is almost confirmatory evidence that the delta-OD value in the sepsis group is higher than that in the control group (BF10 = 1251.781). Finally, there is convincing evidence that the sepsis group has a higher delta-OD value than the cirrhosis group (BF10 = 35.555). The Max1, Max2, and delta-OD indices effectively reflect coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis, even when the aPTT test results are within normal limits.
Utilizing multi-level convolutional neural networks to achieve refined modeling and visual analysis of college students’ mental health data
Early identification of students’ mental health issues has become an urgent priority in education and public health. However, existing studies often rely on questionnaire-based assessments or traditional machine learning models, which are limited by manual feature design and weak ability to capture the multidimensional and dynamic characteristics of psychological data. This creates a research gap in developing more adaptive and automated approaches for reliable prediction and monitoring. To address this limitation, the present study proposes the use of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for mental health modeling, taking advantage of its capability to automatically extract hierarchical features from multimodal inputs. For comparative purposes, Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are also implemented as baseline methods. A dataset combining academic performance, emotional fluctuations, social behavior, and lifestyle indicators was preprocessed and used for experiments.Results demonstrate that CNN achieves the highest predictive accuracy of 94%, compared to 89% for SVM and 87% for GBDT. Beyond accuracy, CNN also shows faster convergence and greater robustness across k-fold cross-validation. These findings highlight the significance of CNN as a more powerful tool for handling high-dimensional psychological data. The study contributes to bridging the gap between traditional mental health assessment and intelligent data-driven approaches, providing practical value for early risk detection and personalized interventions among students.
Air pollution and corporate labor cost stickiness: Evidence from China
Air pollution is a common environmental issue worldwide, and its impact on macroeconomic development has always been of great concern. The role of air pollution on corporate behavior is a relatively new micro-perspective. By matching city-level air pollution data with data from A-share firms in China, the relationship between air pollution and corporate labor cost stickiness was examined. The study found that air pollution significantly increased corporate labor cost stickiness, especially for rank-and-file employees, with no significant impact on the labor cost stickiness of managers. Corporate good ESG performance can weaken the positive correlation between air pollution and labor cost stickiness. Air pollution exacerbates corporate labor cost stickiness through the mechanisms of salary compensation and the flow of labor forces. This positive correlation is more pronounced in firms located in areas with weaker traditional cultural influence, lower government focus on talent and lower environmental regulation stringency. This study enriches the research on the impact of air pollution on corporate governance, providing new evidence and ideas for the interdependence of environmental and economic benefits.
β2-integrins as biomarkers in urothelial cancer
β2-integrins are a family of adhesion proteins expressed in immune cells that play multiple roles in anti-tumor immunity. β2-integrins regulate tumor infiltration of anti-tumorigenic immune cells such as cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and NK cells. However, they also regulate the activity of myeloid cells, such as macrophages, which can have both anti- and pro-tumorigenic properties. The role of β2-integrins in urothelial cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the role of different β2-integrins, and their cytoplasmic regulators, in urothelial cancer, by utilizing RNA expression data. We found that ITGAL (encoding for CD11a) and FERMT3 (encoding for the integrin regulator kindlin-3) have a positive correlation with patient survival. EcoTyper analysis revealed increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells and NK cells in ITGAL high samples, but ITGAL or FERMT3 expression did not correlate with response to immunotherapy. In contrast, ITGAM and ITGAX (which encode for myeloid markers CD11b and CD11c) and FLNA (encoding for the integrin regulator filamin A) correlated with poor survival and reduced responsiveness to immunotherapy and critically regulate the tumor myeloid immune landscape (M1/M2 macrophages, cDC1 dendritic cells). Therefore, β2-integrins may be explored in the future as biomarkers to differentiate urothelial cancer patients with different immune landscapes, responding differently to therapy.