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Synthesis of Monolayer Ice on a Hydrophobic Metal Surface
A Purely σ-Aromatic, Planar {Ge <sub>4</sub> } <sup>2+</sup> -Ring
Inner Leaflet-Anchored Multiplexed DNA Toolkits for Dynamic Tracking and Programmable Regulation of Cell Membrane Functions
Hydrogen-Bonding Chains Twist the Peptide Bond as Revealed by Rotational Spectroscopy in <i>N</i> -Ethylformamide–Water Complexes
Rapid and High-Yielding Disulfide Bioconjugation at Any Desired Site in Proteins
Ruthenium-Loaded Heteroatomic Zeolite for Selective Hydrodeoxygenation Reaction in Aqueous Medium
Atomic Structure of Phosphorylated Nanocellulose Revealed by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR
Photothermally Driven Efficient CO <sub>2</sub> Electroreduction Based on a Superhydrophobic Electrode
Photocatalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate via Formate-Mediated Non-Hydrogen Deoxygenative Reduction
Single-Carbon Bridged Pentacene Dimers Enable Efficient Singlet Fission and Quintet State Stabilization
Formation of Ultrasmall Noble Metal Alloy Nanocrystals in Microdroplets
What my cave stay taught me about sensors
Catalytic Stereospecific Construction of Aminocyclopropanes from β-Boryl Amides
The KEAP1/NRF2 axis controls LPS-induced oxidative stress, inflammasome activation and caspase-1 activity in human endothelial cells
Endothelial cells play a critical role in the inflammatory response during sepsis, however, their metabolic adaptations to inflammatory stimuli remain much less characterized compared to immune cells. Here, we demonstrate that Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) do not undergo the metabolic and respiratory rewiring typically observed in macrophages following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, a common model of inflammation during sepsis. A key metabolite in LPS-activated macrophages is itaconate, which is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Although HUVECs do not naturally produce itaconate, we explored whether exogenous administration of the cell-permeable derivative 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI) could modulate their response to LPS. Remarkably, 4-OI treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) levels in LPS-treated HUVECs, restoring them to baseline levels. This antioxidant effect was accompanied by a pronounced decrease in inflammasome activation, including suppression of ASC speck formation and caspase-1 activation. These findings suggest that 4-OI could protect endothelial cells from inflammation during sepsis in a manner similar to its role in macrophages. Mechanistically, 4-OI acts through the KEAP1/NRF2 antioxidant pathway. Silencing of KEAP1, the direct molecular target of 4-OI, resulted in a pronounced upregulation of NRF2 target genes, particularly HMOX1, with modest effects on NQO1 and no change in GCLC. NRF2 knockdown decreased HMOX1 expression and blunted 4-OI’s effects, although some residual induction persisted. Further confirming the importance of this pathway, KEAP1 silencing itself suppressed LPS-induced mitoROS, ASC speck formation, and caspase-1 activation, mimicking 4-OI treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 4-OI protects endothelial cells from LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation primarily via the KEAP1/NRF2 axis.
How tumours trick the brain into shutting down cancer-fighting cells
Medium-Sized-Molecule Encapsulation in Coordination Cages via Solid-State Mechanochemistry
How does birth order influence full immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months in India? evidence from the National Family Health Survey
Despite the availability of free basic vaccination programmes, the disparity continues in immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months in India, particularly with increasing birth orders. Using the data from the NFHS 5 (2019–21), the study seeks to investigate how birth order affects the likelihood of children’s immunization aged 12–23 months in India. The analysis included a nationally representative sample of 43,436 children aged 12–23 months. Bivariate LISA and multilevel logistic regression models were performed to assess spatial and statistical patterns. The study found that spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive association between 1st and 2nd birth orders and child full immunization coverage. However, the likelihood of full immunization declines significantly with increasing birth order [2 nd (OR: 0.91); 3 rd (OR: 0.74); 4 th (OR: 0.64); 5 th (OR: 0.56); 6 and more (OR: 0.41)]. Similarly, other socio-demographic covariates such as female children [AOR: 0.95], children who belong to Muslim families [AOR: 0.72], and resided in the northeastern part [AOR: 0.52] of India had a lower likelihood of being completely immunized. Therefore, the present study underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions that address both familial and structural barriers to immunization, specifically for mothers who have more than two children, to ensure that no child is left behind, regardless of their birth position within the family.