Browse Articles

Enhanced graph coevolution network for social network analysis using assimilation modified emotional algorithm

Abstract This paper presents the Assimilation Modified Emotional (AME) algorithm, which is an enhanced version of the traditional label propagation algorithm (LPA) designed to address key challenges in social network analysis and emotional feature extraction. Traditional LPA methods, such as asynchronous label propagation and the Louvain algorithm, do not incorporate emotional representations and are often limited by local structural dependencies. The AME algorithm addresses these limitations by applying spectral algorithms, Markov chains, graph coarsening, and link prediction to simulate and optimize emotional transitions within the network. In addition, the AME algorithm enhances label representation through multi-label encoding, which allows for more accurate simulation of dynamic emotional states. Experimental results show that the AME algorithm achieves better performance than traditional LPA methods in terms of both accuracy and loss values. These findings indicate that the AME algorithm has strong potential for improving AI models used in social network analysis and emotional feature extraction.

Association of cytokine levels with treatment duration and patient family history in Egyptian multiple sclerosis patients

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the diseases that is widely spreading all over the world, with no clear etiology or definite pathological mechanism. Although there is no cure for MS, multiple therapeutic agents called disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been developed to relieve worsening symptoms and counteract its progression. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of DMTs on some proinflammatory cytokine levels in the serum of Egyptian MS patients over different treatment durations. Additionally, link the levels of serum cytokines with patients’ clinical parameters. A total of 192 MS Egyptian patients were recruited and classified based on treatment duration and DMT types. The levels of IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were detected using the ELISA technique. Results showed that MS patients treated for a period longer than 24 months were associated with a significant decrease in IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels compared to untreated patients or patients treated for less than 12 months. IL-6 correlated directly with the Expanded Disability Status Scale score, whereas IL-17A and IFN-γ were inversely correlated in treatment-naïve MS patients. Additionally, MS patients with a family history of autoimmunity have a lower age at onset of the disease with a higher TNF-α level. In conclusion, proinflammatory cytokine levels were correlated with MS patients on long-term treatment with DMTs. IL-6 was linked with worsening disability in MS patients, while TNF-α was linked to a family history of autoimmunity.

Sonophore enables autonomous observation of micronekton communities in the ocean twilight zone

Abstract The future productivity of pelagic ecosystems and fisheries globally remains uncertain due to a lack of data on mid-trophic mesopelagic micronekton communities. Here, we demonstrate that integrating readily available autonomous profiling floats with autonomous echosounders enables vertically resolved abundance estimates of mesopelagic micronekton communities, a platform we are naming the “Sonophore”. This successful demonstration is a first step towards addressing critical data gaps identified by fisheries management, earth system and ecosystem modelling communities. With planned engineering enhancements, this platform offers a scalable solution for rapid, cost-effective, year-round monitoring of the planet’s largest vertebrate (but deeply uncertain) biomass. The platform is specifically designed for long-term monitoring of remote and spatially extensive oceanic habitats of the global ocean, without the need for large, expensive research vessels.

Local Polarity Engineering via Unsaturated Cu–N ₃ Sites for Enhanced Iodine Redox Chemistry in Zinc‐Iodine Batteries

Abstract Rational engineering of the local microenvironment in catalytic host materials is pivotal for high‐performance zinc‐iodine batteries, as it governs iodine species adsorption, accelerates redox kinetics, and suppresses polyiodides shuttling. Herein, we propose a local polarity engineering strategy by incorporating unsaturated Cu–N 3 sites into carbon matrix to construct polarized microenvironments and promote iodine redox chemistry. Combined theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that the unsaturated coordination of Cu atoms induces intrinsic local polarity, which enhances charge redistribution, lowers the activation barrier of the I 2 /I − redox reaction, and strengthens electronic coupling with polyiodide intermediates. In situ UV–vis and Raman spectroscopies corroborate that the Cu–N 3 sites effectively immobilize polyiodides, thus mitigating the shuttle effect. As cathode host, the Cu–N 3 sites‐rich carbon electrode achieves high discharge capacity of 232.2 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 and exceptional long‐term stability with 94.02% capacity retention after 50,000 cycles at 10 A g −1 . More importantly, benefiting from its superior catalytic activity toward iodine redox reaction, the Cu–N 3 sites‐rich carbon enables solar cells to achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 9.14%. This work elucidates a novel design principle for regulating local polarity to propel iodine electrochemistry, offering new insights into the development of advanced iodine‐based energy devices.

Stability Thresholds of Atomically Dispersed Platinum Catalysts for Solar Hydrogen Production

Abstract The structural fluidity of single‐atom photocatalysts under illumination challenges conventional assumptions about catalytic identity, prompting a reevaluation of what defines and sustains active sites. Here, we show that the site density of atomically dispersed Pt on TiO 2 nanoparticles dictates their structural evolution and photocatalytic performance during the H 2 evolution reaction (HER). There is a critical dispersion threshold that separates the stable single‐atom state from the aggregative regime with less reactive multi‐atom ensembles. Under optimized conditions, isolated Pt sites resist light‐enhanced agglomeration and deliver HER activities (0.246 s −1 ) up to 82‐fold higher than those of Pt nanoparticles (0.003 s −1 ), achieving an apparent quantum yield of 9.1%. Beyond this threshold, atomic dispersion deteriorates through a first‐order aggregation process, resulting in an exponential loss of isolated sites and a sharp rise in the activation free energy ΔΔ G ‡ up to 17.1 kJ mol −1 . Combined experimental and theoretical analyses quantify the transition in catalyst architecture and activity, revealing a structure–stability–activity relationship. This framework defines a reactivity window governed by the interplay between spatial isolation and structural fragility in single‐atom catalysis.

Modelling lung and muscle oxygen diffusion capacities from sea-level to Mount Everest

Abstract Lung and muscle oxygen diffusion capacities (DLO 2 and DMO 2 , respectively) are difficult to measure at maximal-intensity exercise and at altitude and they are scarcely reported in the literature, yet they are key components of the O 2 transport cascade. The goal of the present study was to compute DLO 2 and DMO 2 at simulated increasing altitudes between sea-level and Mount Everest. Literature data were compiled to compute DLO 2 and DMO 2 at maximal exercise using a forward iterative algorithm. These computations were repeated every 250 m of increasing altitude between seal level and the altitude of Mount Everest. Computed DLO 2 increased from sea-level to 5500 m and then decreased to the altitude of Mount Everest; yet remaining higher than sea-level values. DMO 2 increased from sea-level to 3500 m and then progressively decreased to values lower than sea-level. The computed variations in DLO 2 and DMO 2 fit with the ability of the lung and muscle to increase their diffusion capacity at altitude, which seemingly indicates an existing diffusion capacity reserve. The muscle reserve seems depleted at a lower altitude than the lung reserve. The clinical relevance of the proposed model requires further investigation.

Electron Cloud Polarization of Single‐Atom Cu Boosts Electrocatalytic Reduction of High‐ and Low‐Concentration CO ₂ to Methanol

ABSTRACT Catalysis of the conversion of CO 2 from industrial exhaust gases to methanol at dynamically varying concentrations using renewable electrical energy is crucial for reducing CO 2 emissions and producing valuable chemical feedstocks. However, the challenges associated with the weak activation of linear nonpolar CO 2 molecules and the high energy difference of key proton‐coupled electron transfer steps make it difficult for existing catalysts to simultaneously achieve a high current density and a high selectivity. Herein, we report a strategy for regulating electron polarization in a Cu single‐atom catalyst (CuN 3 ‐C) to achieve efficient electrocatalytic reduction of high‐ and low‐concentration CO 2 to CH 3 OH. For both high‐concentration or low‐concentration CO 2 used as the feedstock, the CuN 3 ‐C catalyst achieves a current density exceeding −450 mA cm −2 , a Faradaic efficiency of 80% for methanol production, and record‐high production rate of 0.57 µmol s −1 cm −2 . In situ characterization and theoretical calculations jointly show that strong electron polarization of the CuN 3 ‐C catalyst facilitates more effective CO 2 activation and preferential *CO hydrogenation toward *CHO and *CHOH. This study provides a strategy for designing highly efficient catalysts for the conversion of CO 2 to methanol via electronic polarization modulation.

Temporal evolution of structure property relationship for UV+RH artificially weathered material extrusion additive manufactured PLA

Abstract This study addresses the underreported temporal evolution of weathering on material extrusion additive-manufactured (MEX-AM) polylactic acid (PLA). Overcoming the limitation of arbitrary exposure durations in existing literature, a time-dependent investigation was conducted on MEX-PLA samples subjected to prolonged artificial weathering for up to 2000 h using a UV-B equipped accelerated weathering chamber with controlled relative humidity. The changes in mechanical, chemical and thermal properties were analysed at 200-hour intervals. The results revealed a time-dependent degradation mechanism characterised by β-chain scission. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of C = C groups and the progressive loss of H groups, indicating substantial material degradation. Furthermore, DSC and XRD data demonstrated a progressive increase in crystallinity with prolonged exposure, leading to a significant reduction in tensile strength. At the same time, the tensile modulus remained relatively stable for MEX-AM PLA.

Regulating Lithium Bond to Reduce Polysulfide Parasitic Reactivity for High‐Stability Lithium Metal Anode

ABSTRACT Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great potential as high‐energy‐density energy storage devices, yet their practical application is hindered by rapid cycling failure caused by parasitic reactions between lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and lithium metal anodes. Inspired by lithium bond chemistry, we herein propose a weak cation interaction strategy as a new molecular design principle to intrinsically mitigate the parasitic reactivity of LiPSs and endow long‐cycling Li–S batteries operating at 500 Wh kg −1 level. Specifically, molecular‐level interaction regulation is introduced by employing ammonium cation (NH 4 + ) with weaker polarizing power than Li + to interact with LiPSs, thereby attenuating their electrophilicity, elevating their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels, and suppressing the detrimental parasitic reactions with lithium metal anodes. This regulation strategy markedly prolongs the lifespan of Li–S coin cells from 53 to 149 cycles under harsh conditions of using 4.2 mg cm −2 ‐loading sulfur cathodes and 50 µm‐thick lithium anodes. More importantly, an 8 Ah‐level Li–S pouch cell achieves a high initial energy density of 502 Wh kg −1 and stable 16 cycles. This work establishes a new weak cation interaction regulation strategy following lithium bond chemistry, offering a generalizable route toward long‐cycling and high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries.

Trend prediction method for capacitive voltage transformer measurement deterioration based on double Gaussian model-KAN fusion

Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar‐Chiral Macrocycles via De Novo Isoquinoline Formation

ABSTRACT De novo formation of the aromatic ring is an attractive strategy for atroposelective synthesis, but its application to planar‐chiral macrocycles remains challenging. Herein, we report a rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of planar‐chiral macrocycles via de novo isoquinoline construction. This method is characterized by high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 96% ee), regioselectivity (up to >20:1 rr), and functional group tolerance, providing a series of isoquinoline‐based macrocyclic atropisomers. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of this protocol is validated via a mmol‐scale reaction and post‐modification process of the product. Mechanistic studies, including deuterium labeling, kinetic isotope effect, and DFT calculations, support C─H bond cleavage as the rate‐determining step and elucidate the origin of the stereoselectivity.

A dual-function dry electrode for electromyography recording and transcutaneous electrical stimulation

Multi‐Scale Architecture Regulation of Hard Carbons for High‐Efficiency Sodium Storage Across Ambient and Subzero Conditions

ABSTRACT Hard carbons, despite their cost‐efficient production and precursor availability, face critical electrochemical performance constraints from excessive defects, limited closed‐pore structures, and poor interfacial stability. Herein, a multi‐scale structural regulation strategy is proposed to tailor both micro‐ and nanoscale architectures of polymer‐derived hard carbons for efficient sodium storage under both ambient and subzero conditions. The pitch‐modulated carbonization directs the self‐assembly of polyphosphazene (PZS) precursors into monodisperse microparticles while in situ forming nanoscale short‐range‐ordered graphitic domains. The resulting hard carbons integrate enhanced bulk conductivity, abundant closed pores, and defect‐tailored low‐surface‐area microparticles, collectively enabling an inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), fast Na + transport, and suppressed side reactions. The optimized sample delivers a remarkable reversible capacity (413.7 mAh g −1 at 0.05 A g −1 ) with high initial Columbic efficiency (ICE) (87.1%) and excellent rate capability. More notably, it demonstrates high reversible capacity and exceptional cycling stability at −20°C, achieving a remarkable capacity retention of 98.8% after 3000 cycles and highlighting its practical viability under extreme conditions. The sodium storage mechanisms and accelerated kinetics are revealed through various in situ characterizations and computational techniques, providing deep insights into microstructure tailoring of hard carbons for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs).

Comprehensive machine learning identifies anoikis signatures predicting therapeutic resistance and survival in gastric cancer

Structure, evolution, phylogeny, and analysis of domain-deficient genes in the IQD gene family of Brassica juncea

Abstract The plant IQD gene family plays crucial roles in abiotic stress response and plant growth regulation. However, the biological functions of IQD genes in Brassica juncea remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted biological analyses to identify and characterize the IQD gene family in B. juncea , providing new insights for future research on the IQD gene family. We identified 107 IQD genes in B. juncea , which are distributed across 18 chromosomes. Collinearity analysis reveals that segmental duplication was the primary mode of replication for IQD genes during evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio indicates that the BjIQD genes underwent strong purifying selection during evolution. GO functional annotation analysis shows that protein binding, tubulin binding, and microtubule binding are the most enriched GO terms. qRT-PCR analysis reveals that the BjIQD genes are regulated in response to Zn stress. Furthermore, some genes lacking the key IQ and DUF4005 domains were analyzed, and we hypothesize that these domain-deficient genes may still perform certain biological functions. This study analyzed the B. juncea IQD gene family from multiple perspectives and explored members lacking key domains. These findings provide insights into the evolution of the BjIQD genes and the analysis of different gene families.

Deciphering the Transition From Tunneling to Band‐Like Transport in Protein‐Templated Biohybrid Junctions

ABSTRACT Protein‐templated metal nanoclusters (MNCs) offer a unique strategy for integrating the structural precision of biological scaffolds with the quantum electronic characteristics of atomically precise metallic cores. Despite this promise, the fundamental principles governing charge transport in such biohybrid systems remain limited. Here, we report a systematic investigation of electron transport in Au/BSA‐MNCs/Au Nanowire junctions incorporating a series of bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐templated metal nanoclusters of copper, silver, and gold (CuNC, AgNC, and AuNC). Incorporation of MNCs yields up to a 17‐fold increase in current relative to native BSA junctions. The conductivity follows the trend AuNC > AgNC > CuNC, a disparity that fragment‐level Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis attributes to the greater structural robustness and enhanced orbital delocalization of AuNC and AgNC, which together facilitate stronger electronic coupling with proximal protein residues. Temperature‐dependent charge transport measurements (I‐V‐T) further reveal a systematic evolution from tunneling‐dominated to increasingly band‐like transport across the BSA‐MNC series, governed by the extent of electronic delocalization imparted by the metal core. Collectively, these findings provide molecular‐level insight into charge transport in protein‐templated MNCs and establish structure‐property design principles for the next‐generation bioelectronic materials.

Radiomorphometric and texture-based mandibular bone assessment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: correlation with vitamin D, osteocalcin, and glycemic control—an analytical cross-sectional study

Refractive outcomes after cataract surgery using swept-source OCT biometry and image-guided toric IOL alignment: a prospective comparative study in normal versus long axial length eyes

Research on intelligent assembly method of aero-engine deep-cavity nuts based on torque-angle control

Dual Chemical Looping/Catalytic Process for Alkylation of Benzene With Ethane and Propane Yielding Ethylbenzene and Cumene Over Copper‐Containing Mordenite

ABSTRACT Given the sustained demand for alkylated aromatics and the strained olefin market, there is an urgent need to develop efficient one‐step processes for the direct alkylation of aromatics using alkanes instead of olefins. Such technologies offer greater energy efficiency and sustainability by eliminating the need for separate, energy‐intensive alkane dehydrogenation steps. In this work, we report a dual chemical looping / catalytic process that couples alkane dehydrogenation with aromatic alkylation over a copper‐containing mordenite yielding up to 25% of alkylated aromatics with >97% selectivity per cycle. In situ MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopies combined with DFT calculations showed that the alkylation of benzene with alkanes proceeds via a π‐bounded Cu(I)‐olefin intermediate, which subsequently interacts with benzene, catalyzed by Brønsted acid sites, leading to alkylated products that readily desorb from the active material into the gas phase. DFT calculations show that alkylation mediated solely by Cu(I) has prohibitively high barriers (>1.8 eV), whereas a bi‐functional pathway involving both Cu(I) and Brønsted acid sites can proceed with significantly lower barrier (0.8 eV) through a concerted C–C bond formation and proton transfer step.