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Bet-hedging via Kelly betting in a limited environment leads to logistic growth in the Game of Fitness
Four-port MIMO antenna loaded with FSS in FR2 band for wireless applications
Unveiling Direct and Indirect Pathways of Electrochemical CO <sub>2</sub> Reduction in Amine‐Based Carbon Capture Electrolytes
ABSTRACT Investigating the origins of carbon sources and mechanistic pathways in the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 from carbon capture electrolyte is essential for the rational design, optimization, and scale‐up of reactive carbon capture processes; however, these mechanisms still remain inadequately understood. Therefore, clarifying the carbon source and reaction pathway is vital for efficient electrochemical CO 2 conversion in carbon capture electrolyte. In this study, in situ/operando attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR‐SEIRAS), surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) are employed to identify (carbon sources) and elucidate reaction pathways during the electrochemical reduction of amine‐CO 2 capture electrolyte. In electrolytes containing primary and secondary amines, CO 2 is captured to form carbamates (R 1 R 2 NCOO − ). These carbamates serve as key electrochemically active species during the electrochemical reduction process, which are directly reduced to carbon monoxide via a direct pathway. In electrolytes containing tertiary or sterically hindered amines, CO 2 is captured to form bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ). This bicarbonate then undergoes an indirect reduction pathway: it first releases CO 2 in situ at the electrode surface. This released CO 2 acts as the primary reactive intermediate and is subsequently reduced to carbon monoxide. Notably, in both direct and indirect pathways, protonated amines serve as the primary proton source for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This study employs multiple in situ/operando experimental techniques to demonstrate how different types of amines influence electrochemically active species and pathways during electrochemical reduction in carbon capture electrolyte. The findings provide deeper and novel insights into the mechanism of amine‐based reactive carbon capture, providing guidance for optimizing dual‐functional electrolytes, electrocatalysts, and reactor designs in reactive carbon capture.
Association between physical activity patterns and renal cell carcinoma risk: evidence from the UK biobank large-scale prospective cohort
α‐Trifluoromethyl Substituted α‐Hydroxyhydrazides as Dianionic Ligands Enable Cu‐Catalyzed Aryl Amination With Higher Turnovers
ABSTRACT The α‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted α‐hydroxy‐hydrazides function as highly efficient ligands for copper‐catalyzed coupling reactions between (hetero)aryl halides (Cl, Br) and amines. With (hetero)aryl chlorides, only 1 mol% of the catalyst is required to achieve complete conversion at 130°C. For (hetero)aryl bromides, the reaction proceeds efficiently at room temperature with just 0.5 mol% catalyst loading and can reach nearly 10,000 turnovers when heated to 90°C. These turnover numbers represent the highest reported to date for copper‐catalyzed amination of (hetero)aryl halides (Cl, Br). The method is applicable to both primary and secondary amines, as well as a wide range of (hetero)aryl halides, delivering diverse (hetero)aryl amines in good to excellent yields.
Inoculation of Priestia megaterium confers drought tolerance to garden pea (Pisum sativum)
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of six PGP microbial isolates (FM20, FM65, FM19, W22, OF5, and Control) to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress (40% FC) on pea ( Pisum sativum ) compared to normal irrigation (80% FC). The results demonstrated that PGP inoculants significantly enhanced physiological, ionic, and yield parameters under both normal and stress conditions consistently outperforming the uninoculated control. Under drought stress, W22 maintained the highest Relative Water Content (88.5%), statistically similar to several normal treatments, indicating superior water balance maintenance. In terms of ionic homeostasis, isolate FM20 was the most superior, achieving a 17.23% reduction in the detrimental Na/K ratio in straw compared to the stressed control and the largest reduction in Na-grain content (− 10.53%), confirming its role as the best absolute Na excluder. Under normal irrigation condition FM65 maximized both seed weight per plant (6.7 g) and 100 seed weight (22.9 g). On the other hand under drought (40% FC) OF5 yielded the highest seed weight per plant (7.3 g) and W22 produced the largest 100 seed weight (8.7 g). Collectively, the results confirm that PGP microbial inoculants, particularly FM65, OF5, and W22, offer a viable, strain-specific strategy to stabilize physiological functions, enhance nutrient utilization, and significantly alleviate drought-induced yield reduction in P. sativum .
Ethical considerations in the integration of artificial intelligence into education: a novel deep neural network framework for predicting transparency scores
Suppressing Reductive Deactivation of Fe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> via In─O─Fe Motif Formation for CO <sub>2</sub> Hydrogenation
ABSTRACT Transition‐metal oxides are susceptible to over‐reduction under hydrogen‐rich conditions, thereby hindering intermediate turnover and accelerating deactivation. Embracing this reaction reality, we show that Fe 2 O 3 inevitably converts to Fe 3 O 4 during reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) at 300°C, yet can be reactivated by forming interfacial In─O─Fe motifs through in situ oxidation of indium (In). Operando and post‐reaction analyses identify In 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 as the working architecture. At these interfaces, strong sp–sp orbital hybridization between In and O atoms weakens the C─O bond within surface formate and accelerates its decomposition, shortening its surface residence and leading to high stability. In contrast, Fe─O─C orbital conjugation in Fe 3 O 4 reinforces electronic delocalization, thereby stabilizing the intermediate and poisoning the surface. The In‐modified catalyst delivers nearly twofold higher CO yield than Fe 2 O 3 and exhibits marked durability at 450°C (activity loss 6% versus 62%). Rather than preventing phase transformation by bulk lattice stabilization (e.g., doping heteroatoms/constructing high‐entropy oxides), this interface‐motif strategy rebuilds functionality on the reduced steady state of transition metal oxides, providing a concise route to durable CO 2 hydrogenation.
Retraction Note: Gastrointestinal helminth of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus), in Arba Minch Crocodile Ranch, Ethiopia
The effect of Mauritanian and Benguela upwelling waters on micronekton (Decapoda, Euphausiacea, and Lophogastrida) in the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean
Engineering Al‐Pair‐Enriched Hierarchical Zeolites via D‐6R SBU‐Directed Aluminum Reorganization During Desilication
ABSTRACT Alkaline desilication is commonly used to create hierarchical pores in zeolites but is often limited by dealumination and surface passivation, as leached aluminum (Al) species redeposit with silanol groups, leaving the framework Si/Al ratio largely unchanged. Here, we reveal a self‐correcting Al migration mechanism in zeolites (SSZ‐13, SSZ‐39, Y, and AFX) only containing 4‐membered ring(4R)–organized double‐6‐membered ring(D‐6R) secondary building units (SBUs). During alkaline treatment, leached Al species dynamically reincorporate into the framework, mitigating passivation and enabling continuous desilication accompanied by significant Si/Al reduction. This process produces Al‐pair‐enriched hierarchical SSZ‐39 with framework Si/Al ratio as low as 2—previously unattainable through conventional synthesis. Using SSZ‐13 as a model, we identify a two‐stage evolution: rapid desilication forming silica–alumina fragments, followed by Al migration that transforms isolated Al into paired Al species stabilized within SBUs under strong alkalinity. The resulting Al‐rich SSZ‐13/SSZ‐39 zeolites and derivatives exhibit enhanced CO 2 adsorption and improved catalytic activity in Wacker oxidation and methanol‐to‐olefin reactions. This SBUs‐directed Al redistribution creates high‐silica hierarchical variants and establishes a general strategy to control porosity, Al distribution, and multifunctionality in zeolites for adsorption, ion exchange, and catalysis.
Performance-driven switched reluctance motor drive using multiport cascaded converter and advanced direct torque control scheme
Abstract The switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive exhibits inherent characteristics such as robustness, high efficiency, and fault tolerance that make it particularly well-suited for traction applications. However, SRM drives controlled by specialized converters often produce high torque ripples and harmonic distortion. On the other hand, conventional two-level converters for SRMs increase stress during switching operations. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an enhanced modular multiport cascade converter (MMCC) for SRM drives, aimed at minimising torque ripples and harmonic distortion. By increasing the number of voltage levels, the performance of the SRM drive is improved when combined with an enhanced direct torque control (DTC) strategy. The precise SRM model and the MMCC switching controlled by optimized DTC switching tables are integrated and evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink. The developed model analyzes input current and voltage harmonics across switches during drive operation. The proposed model behaviour for steady-state and dynamic performance is validated through speed, torque, and phase current measurements. A hardware demonstration of the SRM drive under various operating conditions further confirmed enhanced performance. The proposed converter achieves a 41.5% reduction in torque ripple compared to its conventional counterpart, thereby significantly enhancing dynamic performance and demonstrating strong suitability for variable drive applications.
Noncovalent Cluster Packing Enables Ultrastable Glasses for Preservation and Delivery of Labile Biomolecules
ABSTRACT The properties of molecular glasses are governed by a thermodynamic‐kinetic coupling described by the Adam–Gibbs theory. This relationship enforces a persistent trade‐off: glasses with low glass transition temperatures, essential for gentle processing, are inherently unstable and prone to rapid crystallization. Here, we report a noncovalent glass system that, defies this paradigm, achieving an exceptional crystallization barrier exceeding 653.2 kJ mol −1 , while maintaining a moderate glass transition temperature below 332.3 K. This anomalous decoupling originates from a “noncovalent cluster packing” architecture where internally rigid, hydrogen‐bonded nanoclusters are loosely interconnected by weak interactions. This distinct topology effectively isolates local structural rigidity from global relaxation, creating a landscape that, suppresses nucleation pathways. We demonstrate the practical utility of this principle through the robust room‐temperature preservation and delivery of labile biomolecules. By challenging conventional theoretical constraints, this work establishes a general design strategy for creating ultrastable yet functionally versatile amorphous materials.
Association of serum TNF-α, IL-17 A, and IL-17 F levels with disease activity in Yemeni patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Small‐Molecule Activation of mRNA Translation by Click‐to‐Release Reaction in Cells
ABSTRACT mRNA is an emerging medical modality, however, approaches to control its activity lack behind other biologics. Bioorthogonal click‐to‐release reactions enable breaking chemical bonds at high reaction rates even in living cells to release a functionally active biomolecule (“uncaging”). We developed a 5′ cap modified with a trans ‐cyclooctene (TCO‐cap) that reacts with hydroxyaryl‐tetrazines to efficiently release the native cap 0. This strategy is compatible with in vitro transcription and facilitates HPLC‐based purification of the resulting TCO‐capped mRNA, circumventing the need to digest uncapped mRNA produced in the process. Using eGFP‐ and luciferase‐mRNAs in mammalian cells, we show that TCO‐capped mRNAs are translationally muted and can be activated for translation by addition of cell‐permeable, non‐toxic sulfonamide‐modified hydroxyphenyl‐tetrazines. This work presents a new approach for small‐molecule‐induced translation in eukaryotes with potential to be applicable to any mRNA.
Cancer treatment by radioimmunotherapy: insights from a dynamical model of cancer stem cells and hypoxia effects
Abstract Cancer remains a major challenge for conventional treatments. This is due to the resistance mechanisms driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs) which sustain tumor growth. In this work, we investigate both analytically and computationally the effects of radioimmunotherapy (RIT), a cutting-edge technique that uses radiolabeled antibodies to precisely target and irradiate cancer cells. The work considers time delay modeling and the interactions between microRNAs and differentiated cancer cells (DCs). We evaluate the effects of extrapolated dose rates from four important radionuclides including yttrium-90 ( $$^{90}\textrm{Y}$$ ), lutetium-177 ( $$^{177}\textrm{Lu}$$ ), iodine-131 ( $$^{131}\textrm{I}$$ ) and actinium-225 ( $$^{225}\textrm{Ac}$$ ) in the preventive treatment of cancer before recurrence. A sensitivity analysis of model parameters is also performed to assess the robustness of the predictions and to identify the most influential biological and physical variables. Using the linear-quadratic formalism, we compare their biological effective dose, surviving fraction, and tumor control probability. The results demonstrate that an extrapolated initial dose of 165 $$\mathrm {Gy.year^{-1}}$$ leads to an eradication of CSCs using $$^{225}\textrm{Ac}$$ and $$^{177}\textrm{Lu}$$ within 1.4636 year and 1.5736 year, respectively. Similarly, DCs are eliminated with $$^{225}\textrm{Ac}$$ and $$^{177}\textrm{Lu}$$ over treatment durations of 0.9396 year and 1.0496 year, respectively. These results highlight the potent effects of $$^{225}\textrm{Ac}$$ and $$^{177}\textrm{Lu}$$ in targeting CSCs and DCs at this dose rate. Under these conditions, microRNAs act as tumor suppressors, thus preventing pro-tumorigenic effects. Exceeding the dose threshold (beyond 165 $$\mathrm {Gy.year^{-1}}$$ ) disrupts the therapeutic balance with an efficacy which decreases progressively. For the doses above 326 $$\mathrm {Gy.year^{-1}}$$ , the overproliferation of CSCs and DCs is observed with an oncogenic behavior of microRNAs. We further examine the role of tumor oxygenation in modulating RIT efficacy. The results reveal that enhancing oxygen availability significantly increases CSC radiosensitivity, which is otherwise reduced under hypoxic conditions. The results of this work provide insight in optimizing RIT protocols using radiolabeled agents with improved pharmacokinetics and biological half-lives.
Surface Segregation‐Assisted Direct Regeneration of Spent Layer Cathodes
ABSTRACT Direct regeneration has emerged as a promising approach, owing to its economic and environmental advantages. However, the efficiency of lithium replenishment and phase reconstruction—the core steps in the regeneration process—is critically hindered by the inert rock‐salt phase of spent cathode materials. Herein, we propose a segregation‐assisted regeneration strategy that leverages the segregation behavior of high‐valence elements to regulate reaction thermodynamics during the regeneration process, thereby preferentially inducing the in situ transformation of the NiO‐type rock‐salt phase. This transformation facilitates Li‐ion diffusion, accelerates the reconstruction of the layered structure, and enhances the overall structural stability. As proof of concept, tungsten (W 6+ ) is introduced into the regeneration process of spent LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM523) cathodes, leading to the formation of Li‐W‐Ni‐O compounds and Li 2 WO 4 , which collectively facilitate the direct regeneration of the degraded material. The regenerated NCM523 delivers a high reversible capacity of 150 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C, outperforming commercial counterparts, and retains 83% of its capacity after 800 cycles in a 1.1 Ah pouch cell. Moreover, this strategy demonstrates broad applicability to other degraded layered cathode materials, including LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 . This work provides a scalable, energy‐efficient, and sustainable route for regenerating spent cathodes.