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Artificial intelligence iterative imaging reconstruction with low-dose CT scans for hepatic metastases

The effect of nurse care management on multimorbid patients’ hospital utilization: a comparative-controlled trial and an exploratory cohort study

Overexpression of key complement regulators in glioblastoma

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. While immune evasion is a well-recognized driver of GBM progression and a major obstacle for efficient immunotherapy, the role of the complement system remains underexplored. C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), a regulator of complement activation, was recently found overexpressed in GBM. We therefore hypothesized that GBM overexpresses additional complement regulators beyond C1-INH and the present work aimed to identify these. Method Gene expression of complement inhibitors, the complement regulator pentraxin-3 (PTX3), and complement proteins was analyzed across nine publicly available transcriptomic datasets. Within each dataset, statistical comparisons were performed between sample groups for each gene. Differentially expressed complement inhibitors were validated at the protein level by immunostaining in the rat GBM cell line NS1 and patient derived GBM tissue. Results CFI , encoding factor I, was significantly overexpressed in GBM compared to non-tumoral brain, while THBD and CFH , encoding thrombomodulin and factor H, displayed moderate overexpression. SERPING1 , encoding C1-INH, was also upregulated, confirming previous findings. Immunostaining confirmed the expression of these inhibitors in vitro as well as in human glioblastoma tissue. Additionally, PTX3 and early complement proteins were significantly overexpressed in GBM, while levels of C5 and downstream components were comparable to normal brain. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the GBM tumor overexpresses a specific set of complement regulators and components of the complement cascade, possibly inhibiting an efficient anti-tumoral immune response. Further investigations of these regulators as potential therapeutical targets in GBM are therefore highly warranted.

Study on microwave-assisted synthesis of smart responsive magnetic Janus nanocatalysts for enhanced recovery of extra-heavy oil

Multivariate control based on recurrent wavelet neural network for wastewater treatment process

The wastewater treatment process (WWTP), including multiple biochemical reactions, is a coupled and dynamic process. Thus, it is a challenge to achieve precise control of the WWTP. In order to address this issue, the self-organizing recurrent wavelet neural network controllers combined with the input mechanism (ISRWNNs) are proposed. First, the joint input mechanism is established for the coupling of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate nitrogen (NO). Unlike the common multi-controller, the input of the proposed method takes into account both DO and NO errors to solve the coupling problem. Then, the self-organization algorithm of controller is proposed to automatically adjust the structure of the controllers for the dynamicity of WWTP. Furthermore, the stability of ISRWNN is analyzed through the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed ISRWNN can obtain good control results of WWTP.

Hot isostatic pressing effects on multiscale mechanical properties and chromium-dependent strength retention in LPBF Fe-based shape memory alloys

Effect of intra-dialytic pedaling exercise on dialysis adequacy: A randomized controlled trial

Background In patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis, physical activity and rehabilitation are crucial for preventing declines in muscle strength and functional capacity. This study aimed to assess the impact of physical activity during hemodialysis on dialysis adequacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods This randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated the impact of pedaling exercise on dialysis effectiveness in 84 hemodialysis patients at hospitals in Bushehr. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 42) that performed 30 minutes of pedaling exercise during their 4-hour dialysis sessions or a control group (n = 42) that received routine hemodialysis. Dialysis adequacy was assessed by comparing pre- and post-dialysis blood samples obtained from the arterial line. A conservative intradialytic exercise protocol, blood samples, and patient weight were measured using a calibrated digital scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24 software. Results The experimental and control groups were similar in demographic characteristics, except for age (X2 = −3.84, p = 0.001) and education levels (X2 = 10.100, p = 0.006). While there was no significant difference in weight between the groups before and after the intervention (t = 0.223, p = 0.82 before; t = 0.203, p = 0.84 after), both groups showed a substantial weight reduction overall (p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in weight change (t = 0.80, p = 0.25), BUN (t = 0.13, p = 1.52), or Kt/V (t = 1.62, p = 0.11) between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion This study found that incorporating pedaling exercise during hemodialysis did not significantly improve dialysis effectiveness, as measured by weight change, BUN levels, or Kt/V. While both groups showed weight loss, there were no statistically significant differences between them. However, the study was limited by its small sample size and the specific exercise protocol employed. Further research with larger cohorts and a broader range of physical activities is needed to determine whether physical activity during hemodialysis can improve dialysis adequacy and overall patient outcomes. Trial registration IRCT code number 20150529022466N15 and trial Code of Ethics IR.BPUMS.REC.1398.130E.

Dissimilarity measures for generalized Lotka-Volterra systems on networks

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a general framework to quantify dissimilarities between generalized Lotka–Volterra dynamical processes, ranging from classical predator–prey systems to multispecies communities interacting on networks. The proposed measures capture both transient and stationary dynamics, allowing systematic comparisons across systems with varying interaction parameters, network weights, or topologies. Our analysis shows that even subtle structural changes can lead to markedly distinct outcomes: in two-species systems, interaction strength and initial conditions strongly affect divergence, while in small directed networks, differences that are invisible at the adjacency-matrix level produce divergent dynamics. In modular networks, the fraction and distribution of negative interactions control the transition from stable to unstable dynamics, with localized perturbations within cliques yielding different global outcomes than distributed ones. Beyond structural variations, the framework also applies when modified processes follow distinct nonlinear equations, demonstrating its versatility. Taken together, these results highlight that dynamical dissimilarity measures provide a powerful tool to analyze robustness, detect structural sensitivity, and predict instabilities in nonlinear systems. More broadly, this approach supports the comparative analysis of biological systems, where complex interaction networks and nonlinear dynamics are central to stability and resilience.

Monocrystalline silicon solar cell efficiency dependence on potassium silicate additive in texturing process with a study on the effect of the active material

Texturing is a critical process for enhancing monocrystalline silicon solar cell efficiency by reducing surface reflectance and improving light absorption. This study investigates the effect of introducing potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃) as an additive during alkaline texturing while simultaneously reducing the concentration of isopropyl alcohol (IPA)—a volatile organic solvent commonly employed to control anisotropic etching, ensuring uniform pyramid formation. The analysis examines surface morphology, particularly the pyramid structures formed on silicon wafers, and evaluates changes in photovoltaic performance with and without K₂SiO₃ addition. Wafers were weighed before and after texturing to quantify material removal. Weight loss measurements showed that texturing with 500 mL IPA alone (without K₂SiO₃) resulted in excessive etching (1.057 g, exceeding the optimal range of 0.6–1.0 g), while addition of 5 g K₂SiO₃ with reduced IPA (250 mL) yielded controlled weight loss (0.942 g) within the acceptable range. This demonstrates that potassium silicate regulates the etching process, preventing over-texturing and improving surface quality. Following plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), the thickness and refractive index of the deposited SiNₓ anti-reflection coating were measured using ellipsometry, yielding values of 87.1 nm and 1.99 for wafers textured without K₂SiO₃ (500 mL IPA), and 81.6 nm and 1.93 for those processed with K₂SiO₃ (250 mL IPA + 5 g K₂SiO₃). Completed solar cells were characterized using current–voltage (I–V) measurements to determine electrical parameters and efficiency. All experiments were conducted at the Egyptian-Chinese Laboratory for Renewable Energy Applications. Pyramid homogeneity was further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis including ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc testing was performed to validate the significance of observed efficiency improvements.

Age-related patterns in the creation of social prediction models: a study using immersive virtual reality

An exploratory study on cortical hemodynamics and handgrip strength phenotypes in long-term hospitalized patients with stable schizophrenia

Objective This exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between handgrip strength (HGS) phenotypes and cortical hemodynamics in long-term hospitalized patients with stable schizophrenia, and to evaluate whether HGS could serve as a potential indicator of neurocognitive function in this population. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 96 patients with stable schizophrenia were enrolled. HGS was assessed using a calibrated dynamometer. Cortical hemodynamic responses during a Verbal Fluency Task (VFT) were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), with metrics derived from both oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) and total hemoglobin (Total-Hb) signals, including the S-integral, T-centroid, and K-activation. Statistical analyses comprised Spearman correlation analysis, univariate linear regression, and general linear models with post hoc comparisons. Results Among the participants, 40.60% (39/96) were male and 59.40% (57/96) were female, with a median (P25, P75) age of 52 (42, 56) years. Univariate linear regression revealed a significant positive association between HGS asymmetry and frontal lobe S-integral values (Oxy-Hb: β = 65.650, 95% CI: 18.488–112.812, P = 0.007; Total-Hb: β = 64.878, 95% CI: 19.360–110.395, P = 0.006). However, after adjusting for potential confounders, general linear models revealed no significant differences in frontal S-integral values across HGS asymmetry subgroups, regardless of whether asymmetry was classified by percentage-based thresholds or dominance type (all Bonferroni-adjusted P > 0.05). Conclusion In this exploratory study, HGS asymmetry was associated with frontal S-integral values unadjusted; however, after adjusting for confounders and multiple comparisons, no significant independent association remained. HGS phenotypes cannot be considered reliable or simple surrogate markers of neurocognitive activity in this population, underscoring the substantial influence of confounding neurophysiological factors in schizophrenia.

Cervi-LLM for real time colposcopy lesion detection and interpretable diagnosis

Andean agriculture and hand tools: A qualitative approach of exploration of needs, barriers, and opportunities for innovation

Peruvian Andean agriculture primarily consists of subsistence activities that rely on traditional methods. Rural farmers use locally made hand tools, often designed without technical or ergonomic considerations, increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study examined farmers’ views, needs, barriers, and support in hand tool design, and how they assess satisfaction with tools during potato harvesting. A qualitative study using a phenomenological design was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 13 rural farmers from Yanaca, Apurímac, Peru. A total of 25 interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed via a mixed coding strategy. Data was organized using a thematic approach and triangulated to validate coding. The results from the first guide were organized into five themes: task, human, product, qualitative and environmental. Some aspects such as social and techniques aspects for adopting hand tools emerged as well as enablers like economic accessibility, similarity to traditional tools. Six themes emerged from second guide covering tools conditions for efficient use, pre-work preparation, evaluation of the tool, consequences of a deficient tool, accumulated experience and appropriation; and family and gender dynamics. We found that hand tools used in high-Andean agriculture are shaped by technical features such as weight and handle size, and external aspects like climate effect and cultural familiarity, while material limitations, rough handle surface or inadequate tool size can act as barriers. In addition, efficiency of tools during work, preparation like a sharpened tip, fit between components head and handle, local maintenance facilitates farmers’ satisfaction. These findings suggest that agricultural hand tool design should go beyond technical aspects to incorporate cultural and practical perspectives.

Efficacy and safety of DMB-I (latrepirdine) therapy in mild to moderate dementia in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in three parallel groups

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of leading dementia causes, affecting over 50 million people worldwide. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in three parallel groups was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of Latrepirdine polymorph DMB-I in 26-week treatment of dementia in patients with AD. 135 patients of both sexes aged 60 to 90 years were randomized into three groups: DMB-I + placebo, 30 mg/day; DMB-I, 60 mg/day and Placebo. Treatment efficacy was assessed using Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-2), quality of life questionnaire (QOL-AD), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living score (IADL). Clinical parameters and adverse events (AEs) also assessed. The efficacy of DMB-I at a dose of 60 mg/day was demonstrated by assessing the primary efficacy criterion, namely, a significant change in the ADAS-cog score after 26 weeks of treatment compared with baseline. Severity of cognitive impairment dynamics on ADAS-cog, CGI and LADL scales was significantly improved in groups receiving DMB-I at both doses, compared with placebo. AEs overall incidence was similar between DMB-I and Placebo groups. 26-week therapy with DMB-I at both doses demonstrated efficacy and favorable safety profile. 60 mg/day dose was selected as optimal dose for further studies. Study retrospectively registered on Clinicaltrials.gov on February 27, 2024, NCT06292351.

Investigating a potential association between agenesis of the third molars and variations in dental crown dimensions

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between third molar agenesis and mesiodistal crown dimensions in individuals from Germany. The sample consisted of 314 (156 males and 158 females) orthodontic patients, divided into two groups: one group with individuals presenting at least one congenitally missing third molar and a control group with individuals having a full complement of 32 teeth. The mesiodistal crown width of each fully erupted permanent tooth was measured at its maximum dimension. The t-test was used to compare mesiodistal width between groups, with additional analyses according to gender and dental arch. A chi-square test evaluated the distribution of third molar agenesis among genders, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were calculated. Pearson correlation assessed the relationship between the number of missing third molars and mesiodistal crown size. A total of 89 patients with third molar agenesis and 225 controls were included. Forty-three males and 46 females presented agenesis; with no significant association between gender and third molar agenesis (p = 0.760; OR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.66–1.73). Mesiodistal dimensions were significantly different between males and females (p < 0.05). Patients with third molar agenesis exhibited a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in mesiodistal size across all teeth, most notably in second molars and maxillary lateral incisors. In males, all teeth in the agenesis group showed smaller dimensions compared to controls, with differences ranging from −0.43 to −0.15, the largest observed in the second maxillary molars (−0.43). In females, 18 of 28 teeth showed significant reductions, ranging from −0.42 to 0.00, with the largest difference in the left second mandibular molar (−0.42). The correlation between the number of missing third molar and mesiodistal size showed some negative moderate correlations, especially for lower canines (left r = −0.459, and right r = −0.534). In conclusion, third molar agenesis is associated with reduced mesiodistal crown dimensions in individuals from Germany, with this effect being more pronounced in males than in females.

Axonal dying back of upper motor neurons in human ALS

Age and language experience modulate predictive processing in the visual modality

Human language processing relies on the brain’s ability to predict structured input rapidly in time. While predictive coding has been widely studied in auditory language users, less is known about how visual language experience influences these mechanisms across their lifetime. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine how age and lifelong use of a signed language modulate neural prediction in the visual modality. We recorded EEG from Deaf signers of Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) while they viewed videos of linguistic and non-linguistic biological motion. Signal complexity and neural coherence to optical flow in the stimuli were computed, and multivariate feature selection was applied to identify age-related patterns. Our results show that neural responses to linguistic motion are characterized by age-dependent increases in coherence to stimuli and changes in signal entropy, suggesting that visual linguistic experience refines predictive mechanisms over time. These effects were strongest in fronto-central and parietal regions, consistent with hierarchical sensory integration for language processing. This study demonstrates that predictive coding in the brain is shaped by modality-specific language experience and continues to evolve with age. The findings offer a new perspective on how sensory and linguistic systems interact to support inference in real-time visual processing.

Smart mobility infrastructure: improving campus parking efficiency in real time

Exploring nocturnal soundscapes in an Australian open forest system using acoustic indices

Nocturnal environments and their ecology remain noticeably under-represented in the scientific literature, despite their ecological importance, largely due to the practical challenges of sampling nighttime ecology. Passive acoustic monitoring provides a cost-effective, scalable tool for extracting ecological insights from continuous recordings, using acoustic indices. This study assessed whether a suite of acoustic indices can capture the diversity of nighttime calls (i.e., sonotype richness used here as a proxy for biodiversity) in a terrestrial ecosystem. Our main findings supported an interaction effect of indices (acoustic activity (ACT), acoustic evenness (AEI), spectral entropy (Hf), soundscape saturation (Sm)) correlating best with variation in sonotype richness. This result was further supported by habitat-dissimilarity analyses based on manually tagged insect sonotype richness compared to index values showing significant similarities. Although the methodological framework used in this study is adaptable to other environments, index performance is unlikely to be directly transferable due to differences in vocal assemblages and background noise conditions. Overall, the study provides a useful procedure to track patterns in nighttime ecology and support the evaluation of the state of nighttime ecology.

Comparative analysis of volatile composition and anticholinesterase activity of Egyptian Hedychium coronarium and Alpinia zerumbet using chemometric assessment of extraction techniques

Abstract Hedychium coronarium and Alpinia zerumbet are rhizomatous plants belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. They are rich in essential oils. Hydrodistillation and headspace (HS) were employed for the extraction of the essential oils from the leaves and rhizomes of both plants. Essential oils were then analysed by GC/MS and the obtained results were subjected to chemometric analysis. The oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation were tested for their antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities using oxygen radical antioxidant capacity assay and colorimetric inhibition kit, respectively. Hydro-distilled oil from H. coronarium leaves showed the presence of forty-seven compounds (97.73%) compared to sixteen compounds (99.17%) in the HS volatiles. Meanwhile, hydro-distilled oil from H. coronarium rhizomes showed the presence of thirty-nine components (95.84%) compared to fifteen compounds (98.68%) in the HS volatiles with 1,8-cineole (41.69% and 58.41%) as the major component in both samples. A. zerumbet leaves oil showed the presence of nineteen compounds (94.54%) in the hydrodistilled oil and twenty-one compounds (99.53%) in the HS volatiles. Besides, the rhizomes hydrodistilled essential oil showed twenty-three compounds (91.85%) and sixteen compounds (100%) in the HS with 1,8-cineole (20.78% and 23.63%) representing the major component in both samples. Chemometric analysis of the results provided a clear and statistically robust discrimination between the hydrodistilled and headspace-isolated oil samples demonstrating that extraction method is a primary determinant of volatile profile. Principal component analysis score plot explained 75% of total variance and distinctly separated samples into four main clusters with key discriminating components β -pinene, and caryophyllene were the major responsible for the segregation of H. coronarium leaves by headspace and hydrodistillation extraction methods, respectively, besides, 1,8-cineole accounted for the discrimination of H. coronarium rhizomes extracted by hydrodistillation. Hierarchial cluster analysis (HCA) fully supported this classification, confirming consistent grouping patterns across both analyses. Importantly, A. zerumbet oils from both extraction methods clustered closely, indicating compositional stability, whereas H. coronarium samples showed strong method-dependent divergence. A. zerumbet rhizomes oil showed the strongest activity as anticholinesterase with IC 50 of 0.54 ± 0.02 µg/mL while H. coronarium rhizomes showed the strongest antioxidant activity (10.06 ± 0.16 TE µM/L). H. coronarium leaves and A. zerumbet rhizomes showed anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities to such an extent that may make them a useful adjuvant in the treatment of cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer’s.