Browse Articles
Discover research articles across all indexed journals
Comprehensive Review on Stability of Quasi‐2D Perovskite LEDs: Mechanistic Insights Into Intrinsic/Extrinsic Degradation and Innovative Stabilization Strategies
ABSTRACT Quasi‐two‐dimensional (quasi‐2D) perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have gained a strong competitive edge in next‐generation display, thanks to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. In recent years, the performance of quasi‐2D PeLEDs has advanced steadily, with their external quantum efficiency (EQE) climbing to approximately 30%, highlighting immense development potential. However, the operational stability of these devices remains a critical bottleneck, severely limiting their commercialization. Consequently, this review focuses on the influencing factors and mechanisms governing the stability of quasi‐2D perovskites. Centering on the stability of quasi‐2D PeLEDs, we first systematically analyze the key stability‐affecting factors from the dual dimensions of intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Subsequently, we summarize strategies for enhancing the stability of quasi‐2D PeLEDs, including component regulation, additive regulation, phase distribution regulation, device structure regulation, process parameter regulation, and so on. Finally, we outline the challenges and opportunities currently faced in achieving stable quasi‐2D PeLEDs, providing a clear direction for the development of high‐performance, long‐lifetime quasi‐2D PeLEDs.
Coupling Stress Delocalization With Lithiation Homogenization: Omnidirectional Conformal Interface Integrating Silicon Oxycarbide–Graphite Anode
ABSTRACT Integrating Si‐based anodes with graphite has been widely recognized as an effective strategy for pursuing high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the “stress singularity” effect arising from heterogeneous interfaces gradually leads to interfacial slippage and further triggers electrical isolation, fundamentally resulting in mechanical failure and kinetic heterogeneity within the electrode. Herein, we realize conformal interlocking between silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and discrete graphite domains in developed omnidirectional conformal interface SiOC–graphite (OSiOCG) electrodes to overcome the “stress singularity” effect. Mechanically, the omnidirectional conformal interface effectively transforms localized piercing force into hydrostatically distributed compressive force, effectively dissipating the “stress singularity” effect. Kinetically, it crosslinks isolated sites of transfer of electron/Li‐ion into 3D‐percolation networks across the entire interface. This mitigates local polarization, regulates the sequence and depth of lithiation for active components, and further dissipates the concentrated stress. The OSiOCG electrodes deliver stabilized cycling for 2000 cycles (average capacity decay < 0.005% per cycle), optimized rate capability (capacity increases of 19.3% at 4C and 12.8% at 10C), and effective practicality validated in pouch cells (88.3% capacity retention at 4C). This work sheds light on interfacial stress delocalization within Si‐based graphite composite electrodes while paving the way for long‐term reliability enhancement of commercialized high‐energy‐density LIBs.
Perception‐Feedback Mapping Strategies for Flexible Human–Machine Interfaces
ABSTRACT The field of flexible human–machine interfaces (HMIs) has been evolving rapidly with progress in materials science, structural design, device fabrication, and system integration. Developments of advanced flexible sensing and feedback devices have remarkably expanded the perceptual modalities, feedback capabilities, and functional scope of these systems. However, the broader deployment of flexible HMIs depends not only on the device performance of sensing/feedback components, but also on the control strategy that translates sensed signals into command outputs for feedback modules. This review highlights recent progress in such perception‐feedback mapping strategies for flexible HMIs. Representative sensing and feedback modules, together with common system‐level physical architectures, are briefly introduced as a basis for analyzing the relationship between sensed inputs and feedback outputs. A systematic framework is then proposed based on the principle of signal flow from the perception to the feedback side, allowing perception‐feedback mapping strategies to be classified into command‐based mapping, continuous mapping, and closed‐loop control. Comprehensive discussions on these three categories of mapping strategies are presented, covering their operating principles, system implementation, and practical applications. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions toward more robust, generalizable, and integrated flexible HMI systems.
Pore Engineering of Covalent Organic Frameworks Boosts Chlorine Confinement and Electrochemical Performance in Li─Cl <sub>2</sub> Batteries
ABSTRACT The development of high‐energy‐density Li─Cl 2 batteries is hindered by insufficient Cl 2 storage in cathodes. Although porous host materials have been preliminarily explored, the effect of pore size on Cl 2 confinement and electrochemical behavior still remains unclear. Herein, two novel covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with distinct pore sizes, namely TH‐COF (mesoporous, 2.7 nm) and HH‐COF (microporous, 0.9 nm), were fabricated by reacting triphenylene‐2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexacarboxylic acid with 3‐ and 6‐connected amines, respectively, to serve as a model system for elucidating the pore‐size effect in Li‐Cl 2 batteries. Owing to its smaller pore size and resultant stronger spatial confinement, the microporous HH‐COF enables superior Cl 2 capture and markedly enhanced battery performance, as exemplified by a high capacity of 4500 mAh g −1 , a high current density of 10 000 mA g −1 , and a Coulombic efficiency (CE) above 94% for each of the 500 cycles, outperforming its mesoporous TH‐COF counterpart and all previously reported electrodes. Density functional theory calculations reveal stronger host‐guest interactions between Cl 2 and the microporous HH‐COF than its mesoporous counterpart TH‐COF. This study not only clarifies the pivotal role of pore‐size engineering in Li‐Cl 2 batteries but also establishes a rational design principle for developing high‐performance Cl 2 host cathodes.
Ternary Heterostructures With Gradient Built‐In Electric Fields Through Stepwise Screening for Highly Reversible Sodium Storage at Low Temperature
ABSTRACT Heterostructure engineering is considered a promising approach to improve sodium storage at low temperatures (LTs). However, the trial‐and‐error fabrication method as well as insufficient interface control dimensions in traditional two‐component heterojunctions result in low efficiency and limited electrochemical performance improvement. Herein, a screening‐driven strategy guided by theoretical descriptors is proposed to identify MoS 2 /MoO 2 as the optimal binary heterostructure for improving sodium storage performance at LTs. Importantly, this result reveals a clear relationship between heterostructure configuration and electrochemical performance, where the work function ( W f ) difference and the resulting charge redistribution regulate Na + storage behavior. Inspired by this understanding, Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene is introduced to construct a multi‐interface system with cascaded W f alignment, establishing a gradient built‐in electric field that overcomes the localized modulation of conventional binary heterostructures. Such heterostructure induces an electron‐enriched region that acts as a Na + reservoir, thereby facilitating efficient Na + storage and transport at LTs. Meanwhile, the multiphase heterointerface optimizes the reaction pathway and mitigates kinetic limitations. Consequently, the MoS 2 /MoO 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x ternary heterostructure delivers high reversible capacity, excellent rate performance, and robust cycling stability even at −20°C. This work establishes a general and predictive strategy for accelerating the rational design of high‐performance electrodes through the proposed screening framework.
Mechanically, Thermally, and Interfacially Robust Solid Polymer Electrolytes Enabled by an Organic–Inorganic Interwoven Architecture
ABSTRACT Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for use in high‐energy‐density solid‐state Li metal batteries. However, their practical application is hindered by challenges including poor mechanical strength, inadequate thermal stability, electrode‐interface instability, and sluggish ionic transport, which collectively fall short of the required safety and performance standards. Here, we develop an organic–inorganic interwoven architecture using PBO nanofiber and MXene nanosheets as a multifunctional host for SPE. This interwoven framework enhances the mechanical strength and toughness of the solid electrolyte by 12.5‐ and 7‐fold, respectively, and reduces thermal shrinkage below 10% at 200°C. More importantly, we demonstrate that the interwoven structure promotes Li salt dissociation through strong local electric‐field polarization, accelerates Li‐ion transport (0.75 mS cm −1 ), and enhances the stability (8000 h without short‐circuiting) of the Li metal interface during battery operation while suppressing exothermic side reactions under extreme thermal runaway conditions. Using this strategy, solid‐state Li metal pouch cells operate stably under mechanical and thermal abuse conditions, delivering 91.7% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 10C and 90°C. This work effectively addresses the interrelated challenges of mechanical strength, ion transport, and interface/thermal stability of SPE, offering a promising strategy for safe and high‐performance solid‐state Li metal batteries.
Compositional and Structural Engineering of MAX Phases and Their Derivatives for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
ABSTRACT MAX phases feature exceptional compositional and structural tunability, serving as a versatile materials platform for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, both as direct active materials and as chemical precursors for an array of functional derivatives. However, a unified framework connecting compositional and structural evolution across the MAX‐phase platform materials with electrochemical functionality remains underdeveloped. Here, we review recent advances in MAX phases and their derivatives for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. We focus on compositional design, structural modulation, and derivative engineering and their roles in shaping charge‐storage mechanisms, reaction kinetics, and long‐term stability across secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis. Finally, we outline future perspectives and design principles based on compositional‐structural‐functional relationships to guide the rational design of MAX‐based materials for electrochemical applications.
Assembly and Disassembly of Nanoparticles for Antitumor Applications: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Functions
ABSTRACT Nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrate tremendous potential in tumor therapy, diagnostic imaging, and precision medicine. Their performance is regulated by their assembly and disassembly, which influence drug delivery, therapeutic efficacy, and biosafety. However, existing reviews are confined to single therapeutic modalities, specific assembly strategies, or isolated functional optimization approaches, and do not systematically examine of NP assembly‐disassembly processes and their biological functions. Accordingly, this review first discusses the driving forces behind NP assembly and disassembly, including hydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions. Subsequently, the NP assembly strategies, covering ex situ and in situ self‐assembly, are summarized, and the applications by which assembled NP extend blood circulation residence time, enhance tumor accumulation, protect therapeutic cargo, and potentiate therapeutic efficacy are examined. The major NP disassembly pathways, including bond cleavage, carrier degradation, coordination dissociation, supramolecular dissociation, and phase transition, are subsequently discussed, highlighting their involvement in drug release, intracellular trafficking, and molecular imaging. Finally, a trade‐off‐based assembly and disassembly discussion outlines the key challenges for clinical translation, aiming to guide the development of more effective NP‐based therapeutic systems.
Cryogenic Thermoelectric Enhancement by Nonparabolic Band‐Edge Transport in Bi <sub>2</sub> Te <sub>3</sub>
ABSTRACT Selective scattering of electrons near the Fermi level is the kinetic origin of the thermoelectric effect. Pronounced band nonparabolicity near the band edge is expected to promote the decoupling of a high Seebeck coefficient from high electrical conductivity; however, accessing this band‐edge transport regime at low temperatures remains challenging, as defect‐dominated scattering often masks the intrinsic band‐structure effects. Here, we experimentally show that single‐crystalline Bi 2 Te 3 can access a reduced‐scattering band‐edge transport regime in which the transport distribution becomes strongly energy dependent, enabling simultaneously a sizable thermopower and a high carrier mobility at cryogenic temperatures. This approach yields a record thermoelectric power factor of three times as high as that of conventional parabolic band‐dominated Bi 2 Te 3 . Quantum oscillation measurements reveal multiband transport components consistent with the band‐structure complexity of Bi 2 Te 3 , and magneto‐thermal conductivity measurements indicate a reduced Lorenz factor and suppressed electronic thermal conductivity in the same regime. The resultant over 600% thermoelectric enhancement in conventional Bi 2 Te 3 demonstrates a practical strategy of advancement by engineering band‐edge transport in strong spin–orbit coupled materials.
Confinement‐Induced Donnan Potential Enables Sealed Hydrovoltaic Power From Microliter Water
ABSTRACT Hydrovoltaic power generation offers a promising route for sustainable energy generation, yet existing systems typically rely on evaporation‐driven flow or environmental moisture gradients, limiting device encapsulation and compact integration. Here, we introduce a confinement‐induced ion‐selective mechanism that enables sealed hydrovoltaic power generation from minimal water input. By engineering asymmetric nanochannel confinement in MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites, localized hydration generates spatially distinct cation selectivity, establishing a persistent ion gradient and a confinement‐dependent Donnan potential that drives capacitive charge accumulation. The harvested energy derives from substantial interfacial free energy released upon hydration of nanochannels with a high surface‐to‐volume ratio. Slow capillary migration then delays relaxation of the ion gradient, sustaining this charging and prolonging the resulting direct current (DC) output, without reliance on evaporation‐driven flow or ambient humidity. Consequently, a single 3 µL water droplet enables stable DC output for up to 45 h. The device operates robustly under airflow (5–20 L min −1 ), relative humidity (17%–90%), and various electrolytes (tap water, seawater, and sweat), demonstrating humidity‐insensitive, sealed operation. This confinement‐governed hydrovoltaic framework expands the mechanistic understanding of water‐enabled energy generation and provides a scalable platform for wearable and distributed electronics.
Surface Charge Regulated Non‐Equilibrium Assembly and Open Living Crystals of Chemically Driven Ring‐Shaped Micromotors
ABSTRACT Active colloidal systems, driven by self‐propulsion and collective dynamics, offer a non‐equilibrium route to soft materials. Realizing such materials hinges on creating novel active systems and deciphering their collective behavior. Here we present a new type of ring‐shaped, partially‐coated Pt‐SiO 2 colloidal micromotor and report our finding that the sign of the surface charge plays a crucial role in determining the propulsion speed and reversing the living crystallization behavior. Our results show that negatively charged ring‐shaped micromotors can achieve high propulsion speeds exceeding 20 µm s − 1 at 0.5 wt% H 2 O 2 solution, whereas positively charged rings move much more slowly. We further find that negatively and positively charged rings always exhibit opposite living crystallization behaviors: if one type can crystallize, the other cannot. We reveal that this opposite crystallization behavior stems from the consistently opposite EO flow directions, irrespective of whether the flow field is symmetric or asymmetric. Living crystallization occurs only when the inward EO flow region exceeds 50% of the ring circumference. By combining experiments and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the sharp difference in the flow fields between oppositely charged ring‐shaped micromotors originates from the different surface charge signs of the rings and the substrate.
Extending Chain Length of PNP Pincer Ligands Triggers Catalytic Activity of Gold–Copper Nanoclusters in Aerobic Oxidations
ABSTRACT Structural isomerism of organic ligand‐protected atomically precise metal nanoclusters constitutes an ideal model for revealing the structure–activity relationship of nano‐catalysts at the atomic level, while purposefully designing and synthesizing catalytically active metal nanocluster structural isomers remains a central challenge. Herein, we developed a generalizable strategy toward the construction of isomeric metal nanoclusters by varying the chain length of PNP pincer ligands. A pair of metal nanocluster structural isomers 2C‐Au 10 Cu 6 and 3C‐Au 10 Cu 6 has been successfully synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The structural isomerism phenomenon originating from one atomic Au/Cu shuttle in the kernel and the resulted surface ligand arrangement was uncovered at the atomic level based on their precise structures. The structural isomerism leads to the significantly different electron transfer and surface activation ability of 2C‐Au 10 Cu 6 and 3C‐Au 10 Cu 6 , thus triggering the superior activity of 3C‐Au 10 Cu 6 in catalyzing aerobic oxidations. This work would be enlightening for precisely regulating the metal kernel and surface structures of metal nanoclusters for efficient catalysis, and also be inspiring for the rational design of metal nanocluster structural isomers.
Cross‐linked Ion‐Pair Microporous Polymers Enabling Durable High‐Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
ABSTRACT Phosphoric acid (PA)‐doped ion‐pair polymers have emerged as promising proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for high‐temperature fuel cells, enabling operation from 80°C–160°C while effectively anchoring and retaining PA. However, conventional ion‐pair‐based PEM fuel cells suffer from performance degradation and unstable proton transport at temperatures above 160°C. In this study, a cross‐linked ion‐pair microporous polymer, poly(spirobisindane‐co‐terphenyl piperidinium) (C50‐PSTP‐x), is simultaneously used as both the PEM and catalyst‐layer ionomer, achieving a strong acid anchoring effect across the entire membrane electrode assembly. The polymer integrates ion‐pair‐coordinated PA‐cyclic quaternary ammonium groups, a spirobisindane backbone with intrinsic microporosity, and a highly roughened cross‐linked structure. These structural features collectively promote efficient proton transport, well‐defined triple‐phase interfaces, and strong PA anchoring, enabling stable fuel cell operation at temperatures up to 220°C. C50‐PSTP‐x membrane and ionomer deliver high peak power densities of 0.680–0.778 W cm −2 with a Pt loading of 0.5 mg Pt cm −2 , along with excellent durability, exhibiting low voltage decay rate of 57.8 µV h −1 over 800 h at 160°C and 33.3 µV h −1 over 500 h at 180°C. This work establishes a robust ion‐pair polymer platform for ultra‐high‐temperature PEM fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs), expanding both the operational temperature window and long‐term stability of next‐generation HT‐PEMFCs.
Downsizing the Histone H3–H4 Quaternary Structure Into Foldamer Mimetics Yields High‐Affinity and Cell‐Permeable Ligands of ASF1
ABSTRACT Mimicking complex protein–protein interfaces with small, well‐defined molecular scaffolds remains a major challenge in chemical biology. Here, we report a foldamer‐based downsizing strategy that compresses the quaternary architecture of the histone H3–H4 dimer into compact peptide‐oligourea hybrids acting as high‐affinity ligands of the histone chaperone Anti‐Silencing Function 1 (ASF1). Guided by multiple high‐resolution co‐crystal structures, we designed a series of foldamer mimetics that accurately reproduce both the H3 α‐helix and the H4 β‐strand epitopes. Systematic optimization of linker geometry, β‐strand mimicry, formal charge, and selective backbone N‐methylation yielded highly stable ligands with nanomolar affinities, enhanced proteolytic resistance, and robust cytosolic penetration. Notably, the optimized constructs and their N‐methylated analogues recapitulate the binding mode of the native H3–H4 dimer on ASF1 with high fidelity and engage endogenous ASF1 in cell extracts, demonstrating effective intracellular target recognition. Together, these results show that peptide‐oligourea foldamers can reproduce the structural features of a protein quaternary structure surface, combining high affinity, high stability and cell permeability.
Giant Light‐Heat‐Electricity Conversion in Photothermoelectric Detector Enabled by Semiconductor‐Dielectric Superlattices
ABSTRACT Photothermoelectric (PTE) detectors, which operate relying on the photothermal and thermoelectric effects, can overcome the intrinsic spectral limitations originated from material bandgaps in photon‐driven detectors. However, the hardware implementation of devices leveraging light‐heat‐electricity cascade conversion remains challenging. Here, we report the construction of MoS 2 /SiO 2 semiconductor/dielectric superlattice films with features of nanoscale layer definition, high crystalline quality, and wafer‐level manufacturability. Benefiting from the interlayer interference and electric‐field localization, the MoS 2 /SiO 2 superlattices exhibit remarkably enhanced optical absorption across the visible to infrared spectrum, which enables the high photothermal energy conversion efficiency and substantial temperature rise exceeding 70 K. The PTE detection, implemented by integrating superlattice absorber with a microscale thermoelectric (μ‐TE) platform based on Bi 2 Te 3 /Sb 2 Te 3 P–N pairs, enables high‐efficiency photodetection through strong light–matter interaction and optimized thermal management. The self‐powered detector can stably operate over a broad‐spectrum range extending to 1550 nm, demonstrating a temporal response (∼16 ms), high responsivity (17.6 V W −1 ), and detectivity exceeding 1.20 × 10 10 Jones, comparable to state‐of‐the‐art broadband PTE detectors. Array‐level integration facilitates high‐fidelity 1550 nm imaging with a 256‐pixel prototype, while wafer‐scale fabrication of over 3000 units on a 2‐inch substrate confirms excellent uniformity, reproducibility and scalability, unlocking the potential for advanced large‐scale imaging applications.
Step‐Associated Cu‐Ceria Interfaces Enhance Catalytic Activity and Selectivity
ABSTRACT Precise control of metal–support interactions is essential for understanding and steering catalytic processes. Here, we demonstrate that the surface location of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on oxide supports can strongly influence catalytic performance. Using atom‐trapped Cu catalysts as precursors enabled the formation of Cu NPs with distinct Cu–CeO 2 interfacial environments compared with catalysts prepared by impregnation or colloidal methods. These resulting catalysts exhibit enhanced CO 2 hydrogenation toward methanol formation by promoting formate activation. Enhanced reactivity arises from these Cu–CeO 2 interfacial environments that render the methanol formation pathway thermodynamically more favorable, as revealed by theoretical calculations. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how NP anchoring environments influence catalytic activity and selectivity, offering a rational design strategy for oxide‐supported metal catalysts.
A Self‐Phase‐Separated Deep Eutectic Solvent‐Based Biphasic Electrolyte for Durable Four‐Electron Zn‐I <sub>2</sub> Batteries Across Wide‐Temperature Range
ABSTRACT Aqueous four‐electron zinc‐iodine batteries (4eZIBs) hold great promise for long‐term energy storage, but their practical application is severely hindered by the multiple drawbacks, including Zn dendrite growth, polyiodide shuttle, and I + hydrolysis. Such limitations can be effectively mitigated by employing biphasic electrolytes featuring a liquid‐liquid interface, which enables efficient immobilization of the dissolved reaction intermediates. However, such systems frequently employ toxic organic solvents, which not only pose flammability risks but also struggle to adapt to extreme temperature conditions. Herein, we design a novel self‐stratified biphasic electrolyte via liquid‐liquid phase separation of choline chloride (ChCl)‐trifluoroacetamide (TFA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ZnSO 4 /H 2 O/ ethylene glycol solution. The upper DES phase effectively confines polyiodide anions, suppresses shuttle effect and stabilizes I + species, while the bottom aqueous phase regulates Zn 2+ solvation structure and inhibits dendrite formation and side reactions. Benefiting from the synergistic functional separation, the Zn‐I 2 battery realizes highly reversible four‐electron conversion, effectively suppresses battery self‐discharge, and delivers superior cycling stability over 21000 cycles as well as wide temperature tolerance ranging from −30°C to 50°C. This work offers novel insights into the design of safe and eco‐friendly biphasic electrolytes and provides an effective strategy for the construction of high‐performance 4eZIBs.
Gold Clusters With Open‐Shell Ligands: Superatom Mediated Magnetic Interaction
ABSTRACT Understanding the magnetic interactions within gold clusters that involve superatomic orbitals is critically important in advancing the development of nanoscale materials with magnetic functionality. In this study, we report on the synthesis of Ir‐doped Au 12 (Ir@Au 12 ) icosahedral clusters functionalized with two open‐shell verdazyl radicals at opposite poles, along with an investigation into their electronic, magnetic, and photophysical properties. The photoluminescence from the Ir@Au 12 cluster core is drastically quenched by the introduction of verdazyl ligands. The ultrafast time‐resolved absorption spectroscopy reveals the electron transfer from the Ir@Au 12 core in the triplet excited state to the verdazyl ligand. The EPR study discloses the hyperfine coupling with the Au and Ir nuclei, indicating the spin density of the verdazyl radical moderately delocalized over the Ir@Au 12 core. These results provide direct evidence of electronic interaction between the organic radicals and Ir@Au 12 superatomic core. Furthermore, the variable temperature EPR study suggests weak magnetic communication between the two verdazyl radical ligands mediated by the Ir@Au 12 superatomic core. These findings will establish superatom–organic radical hybrids as a new class of multi‐spin systems and provide a design strategy for photofunctional and magnetic nanomaterials based on atomically precise metal clusters.
A Universal van der Waals Tunneling Injector for Monolayer CMOS
ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductors are poised to extend logic technology to the atomic‐thickness limit, yet monolayer complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) has been largely hampered by polarity‐dependent, thermionic‐emission‐dominated contacts that preclude a unified injection solution. Here, we introduce degenerately doped, crystalline SnSe 2 as a universal source‐side van der Waals (vdW) injector capable of enforcing all‐tunneling carrier injection into both p ‐ and n ‐type monolayer channels. The combination of a large electron affinity (∼5.1 eV), degenerate carrier density (>10 19 cm −3 ), and atomically uniform vdW interfacial coupling enables polarity‐tailored tunneling mechanisms while effectively suppressing interfacial gap states. In p ‐type WSe 2 , a type‐III (broken gap) alignment drives efficient band‐to‐band tunneling, yielding a >1000‐fold enhancement in drive current over conventional metal electrodes. In n ‐type MoS 2 , the SnSe 2 injector forms a type‐I heterojunction within the sub‐depletion‐width monolayer body, enabling a gate‐tunable injection that evolves from field‐controlled Fowler–Nordheim‐like tunneling to thickness‐limited tunneling, achieving an on/off ratio > 10 9 and a subthreshold swing below 70 mV dec −1 . Integrating this single‐material injector, we demonstrate a monolayer CMOS inverter with a maximum voltage gain of ∼340 at V DD = 2 V, establishing degenerate SnSe 2 as a dual‐polarity vdW injector and providing a platform for high‐performance, low‐power 2D integrated circuits.
Oxophilic Gallium Single‐Atom Regulating Micropore‐Confined Os Atomic Clusters Enables Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Electrocatalysis
ABSTRACT Rational design of cost‐effective atomic cluster (AC) catalysts with high mass activity and robust durability remains a formidable challenge for alkaline hydrogen‐energy conversion, owing to intrinsic aggregation of ACs, difficulty in decoupling the adsorption energetics of hydrogen‐ and oxygen‐containing intermediates, and acute CO poisoning. Herein, we report the synthesis of a class of electrocatalysts using carbon‐micropore confinement with adjacent isolated oxophilic Ga sites to stabilize Os ACs and decouple these conflicting interfacial adsorption demands. We demonstrate that carbon aerogel micropores kinetically lock ultrasmall Os clusters against migration and coalescence, while Ga sites polarize spatially proximate Os clusters through support‐mediated charge redistribution, downshifting the Os d ‐band center and weakening H* and CO* binding. Meanwhile, Lewis‐acidic oxophilic Ga centers capture and activate H 2 O/OH* species, establishing an oxygenated‐intermediate relay that lowers the barrier for the sluggish Volmer step. Os AC/Ga 1 @pCA delivers exceptional mass activities for hydrogen evolution (2185.5 A g Os −1 at 100 mV) and hydrogen oxidation (7.29 A mg Os −1 at 50 mV), together with outstanding CO tolerance. In an anion‐exchange‐membrane water‐electrolyzer, it achieves a PGM‐price‐normalized activity of 370.7 A dollar −1 at 1.8 V and operates stably at 500 mA cm −2 for over 300 h with a degradation rate of mere ∼48.6 µV h −1 .