Water intrusion in hydrophobic MOFs with complex topology: A glimpse of the intrusion mechanism of Cu2(tebpz)

Abstract

Despite water intrusion in microporous materials being extensively investigated, obtaining a detailed overview of the intrusion mechanism in materials with more complex morphology, topology, and physical–chemical characteristics, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), is far from trivial. In this work, we present a qualitative study on the mechanism of water intrusion in a crystallite of hydrophobic Cu2(tebpz) (tebpz = 3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-bipyrazolate) MOF. This MOF is characterized by a complex morphology; it consists of primary (main channels) and secondary (lateral apertures) porosities. This is similar to some zeolites, such as the so-called ITT-type zeolite framework, but it presents the additional characteristics of high flexibility of the material and non-uniform hydrophobicity. Interestingly, in Cu2(tebpz), water intrusion occurs first for some of the channels lying tangent to the surface of the MOF’s crystallite. This is due to hydrogen bonding bridging with bulk water across the (thin) lateral apertures of these channels. In macroscopic terms, this can be understood as a local reduction of hydrophobicity favoring intrusion. Temperature and pressure influence the average number of hydrogen bonds and the number of intruded water molecules, explaining the effect of these thermodynamic parameters on the intrusion/extrusion characteristics of this porous material. Molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to glimpse liquid intrusion in this complex hydrophobic material, highlighting how the classical models valid for mesoporous systems, namely, Young–Laplace’s law, are not quite appropriate to describe intrusion in such materials.