Visible‐Light‐Driven Aqueous Polymerization Enables in Situ Formation of Biocompatible, High‐Performance Organic Mixed Conductors for Bioelectronics
Abstract
Abstract Polymer‐based organic mixed ion‐electron conductors (OMIECs) are a class of materials offering unique coupled dual charge transport characteristics along with appealing properties including mechanical softness, biocompatibility, tunability, volumetric capacitance, and stability. These features have been exploited in devices including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), neuromorphic computing, energy storage, sensors, neural electrodes, and actuators. Conventionally, OMIEC polymers are prepared through chemical, vapor‐phase, electrochemical, or enzymatic polymerization, typically relying on oxidants, metal catalysts, and/or organic solvents, significantly limiting their scalability, sustainability, and biocompatibility. Here, we introduce an initiator‐free, visible‐light‐induced polymerization of water‐soluble conducting polymer precursors, enabling facile formation of high‐performance and inherently biocompatible OMIECs. This novel approach allows direct photopatterning and seamless film deposition and manufacturing of OECTs across rigid, flexible, and biological substrates, exemplified by glass, textiles, and mouse skin (in vivo). Through careful optimization of the photopolymerization process, resulting OMIECs possess state‐of‐the‐art electrical, electrochemical, and device properties along with exceptional compatibility and conformability with various flexible and biological surfaces. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of these photopatterned electrodes, manufactured directly on mouse skin in vivo, where they significantly enhance the recording efficacy and signal‐to‐noise ratio of low‐frequency brain activity in anesthetized mice.
Article Details
Authors (21)
Tobias Abrahamsson
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Fredrik Ek
Rémy Cornuéjols
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Donghak Byun
Marios Savvakis
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Cecilia Bruschi
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Ihor Sahalianov
Eva Miglbauer
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Chiara Musumeci
Mary J. Donahue
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Ioannis Petsagkourakis
Division of Digital Systems, Department of Smart Hardware, Unit of Bio‐and‐Organic Electronics RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB Norrköping SE‐602 33 Sweden
Maciej Gryszel
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Martin Hjort
Jennifer Y. Gerasimov
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Glib Baryshnikov
Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology
Renee Kroon
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden
Daniel T. Simon
Magnus Berggren
Ilke Uguz
Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology New Jersey NJ 07030 USA
Roger Olsson
Xenofon Strakosas
Laboratory of Organic Electronics Department of Science and Technology Linköping University Norrköping SE‐601 74 Sweden