VEXAS anemia is a mosaic erythroblastopenia

F François Rodrigues (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) G Giulia Hardouin (4Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM 1163, Paris, France) S Sara El Hoss (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) A Aya Ghoul (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) E Emilie-Fleur Gautier (5Laboratory of Excellence Globule Rouge d’Excellence, Proteom’IC Facility, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Paris, France) M Michael Dussiot M Maria A. Lizarralde-Iragorri (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) A Annalisa Santini (4Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM 1163, Paris, France) S Sandy Peltier (6Laboratory of Excellence Globule Rouge d’Excellence, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France) P Pascal Amireault V Vanessa Soldan A Annarita Miccio M Mounia Debili (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) T Thiago Trovati Maciel (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) E Eric Allemand (1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France) M Mohammad Salma E Eric Soler P Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes (12Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France) M Marie-Françoise O’Donohue (12Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France) M Manuel S. Rodriguez (14Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Propre de Recherche 8241, Toulouse, France) O Olivier Hermine J Jérome Hadjadj R Rim Bourguiba M Maël Heiblig (9Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Lyon, France) C Chloé Mc Avoy V Valentin Lacombe S Samuel Ardois T Thibault Comont E Estibaliz Lazaro F Francois Lifermann G Guillaume Le H Hervé Lobbes V Vincent Grobost R Roderau Outh Y Yvan Jamilloux A Alexis Mathian J Jonathan Broner T Thomas Moulinet M Mikael Ebbo (Department of Internal Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France) A Achille Aouba F François Chasset L Laurent Arnaud P Pierre Sujobert P Pierre Hirsch N Noémie Abisror P Pierre Fenaux O Olivier Kosmider (11Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France) V Vincent Jachiet (8Département Médico-Universitaire, Médecine interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et des Amyloses Inflammatoire, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France) O Olivier Fain B Benjamin Terrier (1INSERM U970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France) S Sophie Georgin-Lavialle (9Internal Medicine Department, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France) A Arsène Mekinian L Lin Pierre Zhao M Maxime Samson A Antoine Neel H Holy Bezanahary J Julien Rossignol S Shanti Ame A Alexandra Audemard-Verger Y Ygal Benhamou J Jean David Bouaziz

Abstract

Abstract VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a recently discovered autoinflammatory disorder linked to somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene, resulting in a profound cytoplasm-restricted defect in ubiquitylation. The disease is characterized by a macrocytic anemia that remains poorly understood. To investigate the erythroid lineage in VEXAS syndrome, we conducted a comprehensive study combining in vivo assessments of patients’ mature red cells and marrow erythroblasts, alongside in vitro base-editing models of erythropoiesis. Here, we show that mature red cells do not exhibit ubiquitylation defects, and patient-derived bone marrow erythroblasts lack UBA1 mutations beyond the basophilic stage of erythroid differentiation. In vitro base editing of UBA1 variants in CD34+ primary cells resulted in high mortality during early erythroid differentiation but not during monocytic differentiation. Edited erythroid precursors displayed TP53 overexpression linked to defective ubiquitylation and anomalies in ribosome biogenesis, reminiscent of Diamond-Blackfan anemia. We propose that VEXAS syndrome–associated anemia should be considered as a mosaic erythroblastopenia, in which the severity of anemia is influenced by the quality and quantity of the UBA1–wild-type compartment. Our findings offer new insights into the physiopathology of VEXAS syndrome and may suggest new potential therapeutic options.

Article Details

Journal Blood
Volume / Issue Vol. 147, Issue 11
Published March 12, 2026
Pages 1178-1190
ISSN 0006-4971
Publisher Elsevier BV

Journal Info

Blood

Elsevier BV

ISSN: 0006-4971 Health Sciences

Authors (61)

F

François Rodrigues

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

G

Giulia Hardouin

4Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM 1163, Paris, France

S

Sara El Hoss

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

A

Aya Ghoul

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

E

Emilie-Fleur Gautier

5Laboratory of Excellence Globule Rouge d’Excellence, Proteom’IC Facility, Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Institut Cochin, Paris, France

M

Michael Dussiot

M

Maria A. Lizarralde-Iragorri

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

A

Annalisa Santini

4Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM 1163, Paris, France

S

Sandy Peltier

6Laboratory of Excellence Globule Rouge d’Excellence, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Paris, France

P

Pascal Amireault

V

Vanessa Soldan

A

Annarita Miccio

M

Mounia Debili

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

T

Thiago Trovati Maciel

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

E

Eric Allemand

1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, Paris, France

M

Mohammad Salma

E

Eric Soler

P

Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes

12Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

M

Marie-Françoise O’Donohue

12Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

M

Manuel S. Rodriguez

14Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Propre de Recherche 8241, Toulouse, France

O

Olivier Hermine

J

Jérome Hadjadj

R

Rim Bourguiba

M

Maël Heiblig

9Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lyon, Lyon, France

C

Chloé Mc Avoy

V

Valentin Lacombe

S

Samuel Ardois

T

Thibault Comont

E

Estibaliz Lazaro

F

Francois Lifermann

G

Guillaume Le

H

Hervé Lobbes

V

Vincent Grobost

R

Roderau Outh

Y

Yvan Jamilloux

A

Alexis Mathian

J

Jonathan Broner

T

Thomas Moulinet

M

Mikael Ebbo

Department of Internal Medicine, Aix-Marseille Université, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France

A

Achille Aouba

F

François Chasset

L

Laurent Arnaud

P

Pierre Sujobert

P

Pierre Hirsch

N

Noémie Abisror

P

Pierre Fenaux

O

Olivier Kosmider

11Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France

V

Vincent Jachiet

8Département Médico-Universitaire, Médecine interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-inflammatoires et des Amyloses Inflammatoire, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France

O

Olivier Fain

B

Benjamin Terrier

1INSERM U970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

S

Sophie Georgin-Lavialle

9Internal Medicine Department, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France

A

Arsène Mekinian

L

Lin Pierre Zhao

M

Maxime Samson

A

Antoine Neel

H

Holy Bezanahary

J

Julien Rossignol

S

Shanti Ame

A

Alexandra Audemard-Verger

Y

Ygal Benhamou

J

Jean David Bouaziz